Combined Conformational Search and Finite-Difference Poisson?Boltzmann Approach for Flexible Docking: Application to an Operator Mutation in the λ Repressor-Operator Complex

Abstract

The N-terminal domain of the phage λ repressor binds as a dimer to its palindromic DNA operator sequence. In addition to a helix-turn-helix DNA recognition motif, the first six amino acids of the phage λ repressor form a flexible peptide segment which wraps around DNA. Site-directed mutagenesis studies have shown that amino acid replacements or partial removal of the arm structure, or changes in the DNA sequence contacting the N-terminal arm, can lower the repressor-operator binding affinity by several orders of magnitude. The finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann approach in combination with a conformational search procedure was used to study energetic contributions of the λ arm to repressor-operator recognition based on the high resolution X-ray structure. It allows for the local relaxation of the structure upon changing the DNA sequence in the λ arm binding region. A simplified potential energy function including torsional, truncated Lennard-Jones and approximate electrostatic terms is used in the initial step to screen out energetically unfavorable structures. The electrostatic energy of selected conformations is subsequently calculated more accurately using the finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann approach. The method was applied to study the effect of a C→T mutation at position 6 of the consensus half-site of the operator. This base-pairs contacts Lys4 which is part of the arm segment. Keeping only the Lys4 side-chain mobile and with the wild-type DNA operator sequence, several conformations close to the X-ray structure were identified as those with lowest energy. In the case of the DNA mutation, lowest energy conformations differed significantly from those selected for the wild-type sequence. These initial calculations indicate that the approach might be a useful tool to estimate conformational and energetic effects upon mutagenesis of protein-DNA complexes.