Combination of Sensory, Chromatographic, and Chemometrics Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds for the Discrimination of Authentic and Unauthentic Harumanis Mangoes.

Norashikin Saim,Hafizan Juahir,Rozita Osman,Zaibunnisa Abdul Haiyee,Siti Zakaria

doi:10.3390/molecules23092365

Abstract

This study analyzed the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of three mango varieties (Harumanis, Tong Dam and Susu) for the discrimination of authentic Harumanis from other mangoes. The VOCs of these mangoes were extracted and analysed nondestructively using Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Prior to the analytical method, two simple sensory analyses were carried out to assess the ability of the consumers to differentiate between the Harumanis and Tong Dam mangoes as well as their preferences towards these mangoes. On the other hand, chemometrics techniques, such as principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and discriminant analysis (DA), were used to visualise grouping tendencies of the volatile compounds detected. These techniques were successful in identifying the grouping tendencies of the mango samples according to the presence of their respective volatile compounds, thus enabling the identification of the groups of substances responsible for the discrimination between the authentic and unauthentic Harumanis mangoes. In addition, three ocimene compounds, namely beta-ocimene, trans beta-ocimene, and allo-ocimene, can be considered as chemical markers of the Harumanis mango, as these compounds exist in all Harumanis mango, regardless the different sources of the mangoes obtained.

Highlights

The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most popular fruit worldwide and is grown in more than 100 countries, most of which are in Asia [1]
Only the Tong Dam mango was used as a representative of the unauthentic Harumanis mangoes, because according to Perlis Department of Agriculture, the Tong Dam mango is the unauthentic Harumanis that most resembles the authentic Harumanis mango
Both Harumanis and Tong Dam mangoes were labeled with different codings, and the respondents were asked to choose which sample was identical to the reference sample

Summary

Introduction

The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most popular fruit worldwide and is grown in more than 100 countries, most of which are in Asia [1]. It is known as ‘the King of Fruit’ due to its attractive colour, delicious taste, and exotic flavour. The characteristic taste of the mango is mostly attributable to the types and amounts of sugars and organic acids, while volatile compounds distinguish its flavour. In Malaysia, the exotic aroma of the Harumanis mango (MA128) has become the trademark of the fruit and is prized by many consumers [3]. The Harumanis is often highly valued because of Molecules 2018, 23, 2365; doi:10.3390/molecules23092365 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules

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