Abstract
Colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1 is a growth factor that stimulates the survival, proliferation and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes, which has been implicated in several inflammatory diseases. This study evaluated the possible influence of age, sex, smoking, periodontitis, caries, and several systemic conditions on salivary levels of CSF-1. Four-hundred and forty-one individuals were enrolled in this study. All participants answered a health questionnaire and underwent a comprehensive oral examination. Stimulated saliva was collected and CSF-1 levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Salivary levels of CSF-1 were significantly increased in participants over 64 years old and in non-smoking individuals, whereas no difference was observed between men and women. Individuals having periodontitis and manifest caries had significantly higher levels of CSF-1. Participants with muscle and joint disease exhibited increased CSF-1 levels as compared to those without. Age, smoking, percentage of pockets ≥4 mm, number of manifest caries lesions, and presence of tumor were associated with CSF-1 levels. Salivary levels of CSF-1 are associated with age, smoking, periodontitis, manifest caries, and the presence of muscle and joint diseases and tumors. CSF-1 might be a promising biomarker candidate in saliva of both local and systemic conditions that needs further investigation.
Highlights
The search for biomarkers that can accurately reflect and monitor disease states is a goal of molecular diagnostics
We recently identified the presence of Colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1 in saliva as a potential biomarker candidate of periodontal disease with increased levels in periodontitis compared to healthy subjects, and correlations to clinical parameters of periodontal disease severity[23]
We found that age, smoking, periodontitis, caries, and the presence of muscle and joint diseases are related to altered salivary levels of Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1)
Summary
The search for biomarkers that can accurately reflect and monitor disease states is a goal of molecular diagnostics. Saliva is an oral fluid whose protein composition derives mainly from salivary acinar cells, with contributions from epithelial cells shed from mucosa, blood content and tissue fluid from gingivae, and oral microorganisms[1]. It contains several biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and microbiota, which can be applied to the early detection, risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of several oral and systemic infectious and immune diseases[2]. This study aimed to evaluate the possible influence of age, sex, smoking, periodontitis, caries, and systemic conditions on salivary levels of CSF-1, as well as to assess a normal reference range for CSF-1 in saliva
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