Abstract
Northern and mountainous ice sheets have expanded and contracted many times due to ice ages. Consequently, temperate species have been confined to refugia during the glacial periods wherefrom they have recolonized warming northern habitats between ice ages. In this study, we compare the gene CYP405A2 between different populations of the common burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae from across the Western Palearctic region to illuminate the colonization history of this species. These data show two major clusters of Z. filipendulae populations possibly reflecting two different refugial populations during the last ice age. The two types of Z. filipendulae only co‐occur in Denmark, Sweden, and Scotland indicating that Northern Europe comprise the hybridization zone where individuals from two different refugia met after the last ice age. Bayesian phylogeographic and ecological clustering analyses show that one cluster probably derives from an Alpe Maritime refugium in Southern France with ancestral expansive tendencies to the British Isles in the west, touching Northern Europe up to Denmark and Sweden, and extending throughout Central Europe into the Balkans, the Peleponnes, and South East Europe. The second cluster encompasses East Anatolia as the source area, from where multiple independent dispersal events to Armenia, to the Alborz mountains in north‐western Iran, and to the Zagros mountains in western Iran are suggested. Consequently, the classical theory of refugia for European temperate species in the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas does not fit with the data from Z. filipendulae populations, which instead support more Northerly, mountainous refugia.
Highlights
During the Quaternary time‐period (2.6 million years ago until pres‐ ent), several ice ages have resulted in expansion and contraction of Northern and mountainous ice sheets
Temperate species have been confined to refugia during the glacial periods wherefrom they have recolonized warming northern hab‐ itats between ice ages
The clusters refer to the two polydynamic lineages of Z. filipendulae, probably derived from one refugium in the Alpe Maritime in Southern France (European) and another in East Anatolia (Caucasian)
Summary
During the Quaternary time‐period (2.6 million years ago until pres‐ ent), several ice ages (glacial periods) have resulted in expansion and contraction of Northern and mountainous ice sheets. Zygaena filipendulae (Figure 1) are very common and especially cold‐hardy burnet moths occurring as far North as Northern Norway and Scotland as well as across most of Europe. ~4,500 bp of the gene is noncoding introns Such noncoding nuclear regions of a genome have previously been shown to be optimal for studies of populations from a species distribution range, due to the rapid accumulation of variation within them, in contrast to the low level of variation accumulating in coding regions (Hewitt, 2011). We compare the coding and noncoding parts of CYP405A2 genes from different populations of Z. filipendulae from across the Western Palearctic region to show the pattern of coloni‐ zation of this species. E49°8′11.573′′ 45.928666 distinct geographical population clusters and ancestral locations in Z. filipendulae
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