Abstract

There has been a long history of development of collision avoidance systems (CASs) starting in about 1945; but there has been little progress in terms of operational use. At first, most development concentrated on noncooperative radar systems but by about 1960 it was realized that radar, while feasible, could not offer an economically practicable solution. Efforts since then have been concentrated on cooperative systems, cooperative in the sense that any two aircraft involved in a threatening encounter must both be equipped with mutually compatible devices and there must be intercommunications of necessary data.

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