Abstract
In underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), the sensor nodes are sparsely deployed over a large sea area due to their high design cost and high manufacturing cost. Opportunistic routing protocols are a promising forwarding technique for various UWSNs. However, many opportunistic routing protocols suffer from the void problem in sparse underwater scenarios. Hop count-based opportunistic routing protocols inherently alleviate this problem by periodically maintaining the topological information of sensor node. Nevertheless, the robustness of these protocols degrades due to channel variation and node movement in UWSNs. In this paper, we propose a coding-aware opportunistic routing method for sparse UWSNs (CORS). In CORS, we use topological information to adaptively expand the candidate set. On this basis, a forwarding with opportunistic coding strategy is developed to join interflow network coding and opportunistic forwarding in CORS. In addition, we design a sliding window-based coding algorithm to provide effective coding gains with low coding overhead. Then, a sliding window-based decoding algorithm is designed to reduce decoding overhead. Simulation results show that CORS significantly improves upon the network performances of existing protocols in various scenarios.
Highlights
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted much attention in scientific research and industrial applications [1], [2]
We divide all the nodes in the candidate set Ci into three subsets based on their hop count information: (1) Subset L, where the hop counts of the nodes are smaller than hci; (2) Subset S, where the hop counts of the nodes are the same as hci; and (3) Subset H, where the hop counts of the nodes are higher than hci
Where NL, NS and NH are the numbers of neighboring nodes from subsets L, S, and H, respectively. hcp is the hop count carried in the packet. γ0 and γ1 are the coding thresholds for nodes outside and inside subset L, respectively. λ0 and λ1 are the redundancy coefficients of coding for nodes outside and inside subset L, respectively
Summary
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted much attention in scientific research and industrial applications [1], [2]. Packet e3 cannot reach Sink since node E has only one neighborhood with a smaller hop count than that of itself These factors heavily influence network performance in scenarios with few nodes in the candidate set. Several protocols have been designed for multihop wireless mesh networks by integrating network coding with opportunistic routing [17]–[20] These protocols aim at improving network performance for networks with multiple cross-traffic flows or with multicast traffic, and they cannot effectively optimize the routing problem in the networks with unidirectional flows to the sink nodes. We develop a Forwarding with Opportunistic Coding (FOC) strategy based on hop count-based candidate set expansion method and interflow network coding.
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