Abstract
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have emerged as a promising technology to monitor and explore the oceans instead of traditional undersea wireline instruments. Traditional routing protocols are inefficient for UWSNs due to the specific nature of the underwater environment. In contrast, Opportunistic Routing (OR) protocols establish an online route for each transmission, which can well adapt with time-varying underwater channel. Cross-layer design is an effective approach to combine the metrics from different layers to optimize an OR routing in UWSNs. However, typical cross-layer OR routing protocols that are designed for UWSNs suffer from congestion problem at high traffic loads. In this paper, a Cross-Layer-Aided Opportunistic Routing Protocol (CLOR) is proposed to reduce the congestion in multi-hop sparse UWSNs. The CLOR consists of a negotiation phase and transmission phase. In the negotiation phase, the cross-layer information in fuzzy logic is utilized to attain an optimal forwarder node. In the transmission phase, to improve the transmission performance, a burst transmission strategy with network coding is exploited. Finally, we perform simulations of the proposed CLOR protocol in a specific sea region. Simulation results show that CLOR significantly improves the network performances at various traffic rates compared to existing protocols.
Highlights
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have been a promising networking technique for marine data collection, pollution monitoring, disaster prevention, assisted navigation, and tactical surveillance applications [1,2,3]
We first study the impacts of several parameters on Cross-Layer-Aided Opportunistic Routing Protocol (CLOR) network performance, and evaluate CLOR against two cross-layer protocols, focused beam routing (FBR) and channel-aware routing protocol (CARP), and an enhanced flooding-based protocol, EFlood, in terms of Packet delivery ratio (PDR), latency, energy efficiency, and Goodput
A Cross-Layer-Aided Opportunistic Routing Protocol is proposed to reduce the congestion in multi-hop sparse UWSNs
Summary
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have been a promising networking technique for marine data collection, pollution monitoring, disaster prevention, assisted navigation, and tactical surveillance applications [1,2,3]. The schedule-based transmission protocols can effectively handle high traffic rates in UWSNs [13,14]. These protocols are designed merely for the networks with star topology; they cannot well adapt to multi-hop UWSNs. it is necessary to develop a novel cross-layer protocol on the basis of burst transmission for sparse multi-hop UWSNs with various traffic rates. A Cross-Layer-Aided Opportunistic Routing Protocol (CLOR) for sparse UWSNs is proposed by using handshake strategy in the negotiation phase and random linear packet coding strategy in the transmission phase.
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