Abstract
The Indonesian cocoa sector has experienced tremendous growth in the past twenty five years with massive growth, driven by rapid expansion of smallholder farmer participation. Cocoa production provides the main source of income of millions smallholder farmers and their families in Indonesia. Smallholders contribute more than ninety percent of national production; the remainder comes from state-owned plantations and private estates. In parts of Indonesia, cocoa is responsible for the opening up of primary forests and the establishment of settlements in these previously forested areas. Cocoa intensification system, which increases the fragmentation of primary forests and is considered agriculturally unsustainable, is becoming common in Indonesia. This paper presents the synthesis that resulted from this review as well as the researcher’s critical appraisal of the state of the research field of intensification system and its effect under climate change which the objective remaining stakeholder relevant to the sustainable intensification of farming practices of the poor smallholder farmers in Indonesia.
Highlights
Agriculture is a diverse economic sector that produces food, fibre, material and energy commodities
Smallholder farmers work more than 90% of Indonesia's cocoa cultivation area of around 1.6 million hectares, with the rest shared between state-owned and private plantation companies [9]
In parts of Indonesia such as Sulawesi and Central Sumatra, cocoa is responsible for the opening up of primary forests and the establishment of settlements in these previously forested areas [19]
Summary
Agriculture is a diverse economic sector that produces food, fibre, material and energy commodities. Data showed that cocoa export from Indonesia’s main cocoa growing region - the island of Sulawesi - declined 56 percent (year-on-year) to 1,719 metric tons in April 2015 on the back of weak weather conditions and diseases disturbing the cocoa trees. These conditions have been hampering Indonesian supplies for several years now. This paper presents the synthesis that resulted from this review as well as the researcher’s critical appraisal of the state of the research field This synthesis considers the possible impacts of changes in climate variability on agricultural system which effects on cocoa production in terms of cocoa growth and cocoa yield under different future climate conditions.
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