Abstract
The potato is the third most consumed crop globally after rice and wheat, but climate change has often disrupted its production. Therefore, adaptation practices are needed to maintain potato productivity. This study investigates the determinants of on- and off-farm climate change adaptation practices among smallholder farmers in Indonesia, considering adaptation intensity, which has not discussed in previous literature. The cross-sectional data were collected from 302 smallholder potato farmers in East Java, Indonesia, analyzed by a multivariate probit model to estimate the determinants. An ordered probit model was subsequently employed to understand the intensity factors. The findings indicated that the significant factors that affect farmers’ choice of on-farm adaptations were the farmers’ education, their participation in farmers’ groups, agricultural-related infrastructure, and agriculture output prices. Meanwhile, the off-farm adaptations were significantly affected by the farmers’ education, employed family members, agriculture-related infrastructure, and livestock ownership. The ordered probit model also suggested that participation in farmers groups and agricultural-related infrastructure were the most significant factors that encouraged adaptation. Therefore, adaptation planning should consider these factors to optimally improve farmers’ adaptation capacity.
Highlights
Climate change is the world’s most significant environmental challenge, with widespread impacts across economic sectors, communities, natural resources, and biodiversity [1]
This study investigated the determinants of farmers’ climate change adaptation practices and examined the factors affecting farmers’ adaptation intensity
The climate change adaptation strategies were divided into on-farm and off-farm groups
Summary
Climate change is the world’s most significant environmental challenge, with widespread impacts across economic sectors, communities, natural resources, and biodiversity [1]. Ahmad and Afzal [26] used propensity scorematching analysis to estimate the benefits of climate change adaptation practices for farm yields and crop sales income. Previous studies have only investigated the determinants of farmers’ decision-making by multivariate probit or binary logistic regression, e.g., Khanal, Wilson, Hoang, and Lee [25], Trinh, Rañola Jr, Camacho, and Simelton [4], and Arun Yeo [36] They overlooked the combination of adaptation practices employed by farmers, often referred to as adaptation intensity. Investigations on the determinants of climate change adaptation involving potato farmers are relatively new in the Indonesian context To fill these gaps, the current study aims to investigate the determinants for both on-farm and off-farm adaptation practices among Indonesian farmers and estimate the intensity. We hypothesized that climate change adaptation practice and adaptation intensity would be significantly influenced by farmers’ socio-demographic profiles (i.e., education, age, and number of family members), agriculture-related factors (i.e., total area, land status, and irrigation), social capital (i.e., farmers’ groups, cooperative, climate information, and social activity), agriculture-related assets (i.e., agriculture machinery and storage), and financial capital (i.e., access to credit and public transfer)
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