Abstract
Reducing CO2 emissions from ships in unprofitable coastline transport using electricity and hydrogen has potential for island development to improve transport and protect biodiversity and nature. New technologies are a challenge for shipping companies and their introduction should be accompanied by a system of state aid for alternative energy sources. The energy requirements of an electric ferry for a route of up to 6 km were considered, as well as the amount of hydrogen needed to generate the electricity required to charge the ferry batteries to enable a state aid scheme. For a daily ferry operation, a specific fuel consumption of 60.6 g/kWh of liquid hydrogen is required in the system fuel cell with a total of 342.69 kg of hydrogen. Compared to marine diesel, the use of electric ferries leads to a reduction of CO2 emissions by up to 90%, including significantly lower NOx, Sox, and particulate matter (PM) emissions, and operating costs by up to 80%.
Highlights
Sustainability 2021, 13, 6909. https://The growth of maritime connectivity, based on the introduction of new technologies and ship designs, is an ancient maritime tradition, just as connecting islands to the mainland [1]
The procedure is standardized in most countries, and a public tender is held, in which the shipowner may apply for a concession to run a shipping company, and if the tender finds that the line is unprofitable, the line for which the state receives a certain amount of state funds is to assist in connecting the island with the mainland
With the support of the European Commission, hydrogen is increasingly finding its way into all modes of transport and entering the European Union market
Summary
The growth of maritime connectivity, based on the introduction of new technologies and ship designs, is an ancient maritime tradition, just as connecting islands to the mainland [1]. The IPCC publishes reports based on a coordinated research program of several thousand experts in more than a hundred countries These highlight that climate change is accelerating, is man-made, and increases the risk of war and conflict due to already scarce natural resources. The aim of this paper was to investigate the state of the art in green coastal shipping, which today is based on electric propulsion where energy is stored in batteries, and to evaluate an equivalent hydrogen-based alternative solution. While the performance of all-electric coastal shipping is relatively easy to evaluate, the hydrogen-based alternative requires additional attention Both the article and the literature cite the general advantages of using hydrogen: emission-free technology, rapid transfer of fuel from shore to ship, the possibility of a noncombustible type of storage. CO2 emissions for all-electric propulsion depend heavily on the method of production
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