Abstract
This paper presents a review on the developments in catalyst technology for the reactions utilizing CO2 for high temperature applications. These include dehydrogenation of alkanes to olefins, the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene and finally CO2 reforming of hydrocarbon feedstock (i.e. methane) and alcohols. Aspects on the various reaction pathways are also highlighted. The literature on the role of promoters and catalyst development is critically evaluated. Most of the reactions discussed in this review are exploited in industries and related to on-going processes, thus providing extensive data from literature. However some reactions, such as CO2 reforming of ethanol and glycerol which have not reached industrial scale are also reviewed owing to their great potential in terms of sustainability which are essential as energy for the future. This review further illustrates the building-up of knowledge which shows the role of support and catalysts for each reaction and the underlying linkage between certain catalysts which can be adapted for the multiple CO2-related reactions.
Highlights
Rising levels of CO2 in atmosphere caused severe impacts, such as the increasing intensities of hurricanes, influence of El Nino phenomena, reduced calcification of marine plankton, and deglaciation (Wu and Kawi, 2009)
O2 is widely used for oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reactions, whereas water in the form of steam is used for reforming of hydrocarbon/alcohol reactions
In order to enhance reforming of ethanol, increasing CO2/H2 ratio to 5, resulted in lowered production of side products such as CH4, acetaldehyde and coke, and facilitated dry reforming of methane (DRM) and coke gasification. They postulated that employing excess CO2 at high-temperatures could enhance the efficiency of coke elimination and resulted in selectivity toward more syngas production. These observations were consistent with Bellido et al (2009) who investigated the performance of Ni/Y2O3–ZrO2 supported catalysts for dry reforming of ethanol (DRE) at various temperatures and reported that greater selectivity toward syngas production could be achieved by manipulations of the system parameters and reaction conditions
Summary
This paper presents a review on the developments in catalyst technology for the reactions utilizing CO2 for high-temperature applications. These include dehydrogenation of alkanes to olefins, the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene, and CO2 reforming of hydrocarbon feedstock (i.e., methane) and alcohols. Most of the reactions discussed in this review are exploited in industries and related to on-going processes, providing extensive data from literature. Some reactions, such as CO2 reforming of ethanol and glycerol, which have not reached industrial scale, are reviewed owing to their great potential in terms of sustainability, which is essential as energy for the future.
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