Abstract
A few-body cluster is a building block of a many-body system in a gas phase provided the temperature at most is of the order of the binding energy of this cluster. Here we illustrate this statement by considering a system of tubes filled with dipolar distinguishable particles. We calculate the partition function, which determines the probability to find a few-body cluster at a given temperature. The input for our calculations—the energies of few-body clusters—is estimated using the harmonic approximation. We first describe and demonstrate the validity of our numerical procedure. Then we discuss the results featuring melting of the zero-temperature many-body state into a gas of free particles and few-body clusters. For temperature higher than its binding energy threshold, the dimers overwhelmingly dominate the ensemble, where the remaining probability is in free particles. At very high temperatures free (harmonic oscillator trap-bound) particle dominance is eventually reached. This structure evolution appears both for one and two particles in each layer providing crucial information about the behavior of ultracold dipolar gases. The investigation addresses the transition region between few- and many-body physics as a function of temperature using a system of ten dipoles in five tubes.
Highlights
One important question that quantum few-body physics should answer is under which conditions few-body bound states play a role in a many-body system
We study at which temperatures few-body bound states can be observed in a cold gas of dipoles, once precise control of cold polar molecules is achieved [9]
Still the long-range dipole-dipole interaction allows particles to interact between the layers. This interaction supports a zoo of few-body bound states [12,13,14,15], whose presence should be taken into account when building models of the corresponding many-body systems
Summary
One important question that quantum few-body physics should answer is under which conditions few-body bound states play a role (or could be observed) in a many-body system. We study at which temperatures few-body bound states can be observed in a cold gas of dipoles (see [7,8], which review cold dipolar gases), once precise control of cold polar molecules is achieved [9]. We are interested in formation of few-body states with more than one particle per layer (or tube), which are unlikely to be observed for dipoles with perpendicular polarization [12]. Still the long-range dipole-dipole interaction allows particles to interact between the layers This interaction supports a zoo of few-body bound states [12,13,14,15], whose presence should be taken into account when building models of the corresponding many-body systems (see, for example, [11,16,17,18,19]).
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