Abstract
One of the important alternative water resources for non-potable purposes is greywater (GW), which must be cleaned of contaminants. In this regard, the clustering analysis of materials consisting of sand (S), zeolite (Z), peat (P) and granular activated carbon (GAC) within a horizontal series filter (HSF) was used for removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity in GW taken from the Fasa University Student Hostel, Iran. The hierarchical clustering technique was applied to classify the adsorbents. The findings indicated that there were significant differences (more than 95%) between these materials. According to the similarity of level 95%, for COD, BOD, TDS, and turbidity removal, these adsorbents could be separately clustered in three, three, two, and three clusters, respectively. In addition, by considering the simultaneous changes of COD, BOD, TDS, and turbidity together, these adsorbents could be clustered in three different clusters. This paper proposed an efficient method to select the best combination of adsorbents for eliminating of COD, BOD, TDS, and turbidity from GW. Generally, based on the quality of treated greywater and literature, reusing greywater can be implemented for agriculture, artificial recharge of aquifers, desertification, and preventing the dust creation in arid areas such as southern Iran.
Highlights
Today, reducing the overall urban water demand has become a vital subject for water utilities and regulatory bodies
The various technologies have been examined for GW treatment like coagulation and magnetic ion exchange resin [4], flocculation [5], septic tank followed by intermittent sand filter [6], a moving bed biofilm reactor [7], trickling filters with suspended plastic media [8], slow sand filter and slate waste followed by granular activated carbon [9], drawer compacted sand filter [10], pelletised mine watersludge [11], aerobic attached-growth biomass [12], green roof-top water recycling system constructed wetland [13], biofilter system [14], compact hybrid filter systems [15], a physical treatment system containing coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, granular activated carbon filtration, and disinfection [16], and anaerobic filter followed by UV disinfection [17]
The main purpose of the current study is to introduce a horizontal series filtration system consists of four filters filled with different materials including sand (S), zeolite (Z), peat (P), and granular activated carbon (GAC) in single and combined forms for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity from real greywater
Summary
Today, reducing the overall urban water demand has become a vital subject for water utilities and regulatory bodies. Indoor domestic water demand (excluding landscape, irrigation, toilet flush tank and other purposes that do not require using freshwater) in developed countries varies from 100 to 180 L/d per capita or from 36 to 66 m3/y per capita [1,2]. In this way, a “new” alternative resource is reusing the water. When regarding urban water reuse, on-site greywater (GW) reuse owns the potential to perform a significant role [3].
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