Clustering of galaxies with dynamical dark energy

Abstract

In this paper, we study thermodynamics of the cluster of galaxies under the effect of dynamical dark energy. We evaluate the configurational integral for interacting system of galaxies in an expanding Universe by including the effects produced by the varying Λ. The gravitational partition function is obtained using this configuration integral. We obtain thermodynamics quantities in canonical ensemble which depend on time and investigate the second law of thermodynamics. We also calculate the distribution function in grand canonical ensemble. The time evolution of the clustering parameter of galaxies is investigated for the time-dependent (dynamical) dark energy. We conclude that the second law of thermodynamics is valid for the total system of cluster of galaxies and dynamical dark energy. We calculate the correlation function and show that our model is very close to Peebles’s power law, in agreement with the N-body simulation. It is observed that thermodynamics quantities depend on the modified clustering parameter for this system of galaxies.