Cloud-Based Charging Management of Heterogeneous Electric Vehicles in a Network of Charging Stations: Price Incentive Versus Capacity Expansion

Abstract

This article presents a novel cloud-based charging management system for electric vehicles (EVs). Two levels of cloud computing, i.e., local and remote clouds, are employed to meet the different latency requirements of the heterogeneous EVs while exploiting the lower-cost computing in remote clouds. Specifically, we consider time-sensitive EVs at highway exit charging stations and EVs with relaxed timing constraints at parking lot charging stations. We propose algorithms for the interplay among EVs, charging stations, system operator, and clouds. Considering the contention-based random access for EVs to a 4G Long-Term Evolution network, and the quality of service metrics (average waiting time and blocking probability), the model is composed of: queuing-based cloud server planning, capacity planning in charging stations, delay analysis, and profit maximization. We propose and analyze a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">price-incentive method</i> that shifts heavy load from peak to off-peak hours, a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">capacity expansion method</i> that accommodates the peak demand by purchasing additional electricity, and a hybrid method of price incentives and capacity expansion that balances the immediate charging needs of customers with the alleviation of the peak power grid load through price-incentive based demand control. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and elucidate the tradeoffs between the methods.