Closed Battery Systems

Abstract

AbstractBattery technologies are expected to strongly contribute to the global energy storage industry and market. Among the several promising battery technologies, Li-metal batteries, all-solid-state Li batteries, and beyond-lithium systems are discussed in this chapter. Li metal represents a key anode material for boosting the energy density of batteries, but the formation of Li dendrites limits a safe and stable function of the system. The use of solid-state electrolytes allows a safer battery operation, by limiting the electrolyte flammability and dendrite formation, yet the performance is insufficient because of slower kinetics of the lithium ion. Possible solutions against these critical problems, especially through the discovery of new materials, are here discussed. Moreover, other innovative technologies based on Na, Ca, and Mg, so-called beyond-lithium batteries, are presented. Insights into these emerging battery systems, as well as a series of issues that came up with the replacement of lithium, are described in this chapter. Focus is particularly placed on development of battery materials with different perspectives, including performance, stability, and sustainability.