Abstract
Abstract. To improve regional and global biogeochemistry modeling and climate predictability, we have developed a generic reactive transport module for the land model CLM4 (called CLM4-BeTR (Biogeochemical Transport and Reactions)). CLM4-BeTR represents the transport, interactions, and biotic and abiotic transformations of an arbitrary number of tracers (aka chemical species) in an arbitrary number of phases (e.g., dissolved, gaseous, sorbed, aggregate). An operator splitting approach was employed and consistent boundary conditions were derived for each modeled sub-process. Aqueous tracer fluxes, associated with hydrological processes such as surface run-on and run-off, belowground drainage, and ice to liquid conversion were also computed consistently with the bulk water fluxes calculated by the soil physics module in CLM4. The transport code was evaluated and found in good agreement with several analytical test cases using a time step of 30 min. The model was then applied at the Harvard Forest site with a representation of depth-dependent belowground biogeochemistry. The results indicated that, at this site, (1) CLM4-BeTR was able to simulate soil–surface CO2 effluxes and soil CO2 profiles accurately; (2) the transient surface CO2 effluxes calculated based on the tracer transport mechanism were in general not equal to the belowground CO2 production rates with the magnitude of the difference being a function of averaging timescale and site conditions: differences were large (−20 ~ 20%) on hourly, smaller (−5 ~ 5%) at daily timescales, and persisted to the monthly timescales with a smaller magnitude (<4%); (3) losses of CO2 through processes other than surface gas efflux were less than 1% of the overall soil respiration; and (4) the contributions of root respiration and heterotrophic respiration have distinct temporal signals in surface CO2 effluxes and soil CO2 concentrations. The development of CLM4-BeTR will allow detailed comparisons between ecosystem observations and predictions and insights to the modeling of terrestrial biogeochemistry.
Highlights
The trajectory of ongoing climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007) depends strongly on greenhouse gas (e.g., H2O, COX2 w + ε (CO2), CH4, and N2O) exchanges between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere
Much effort has been dedicated to designing terrestrial biogeochemistry models that account for hydrological, energy, and carbon and nitrogen dynamics (e.g., Randerson et al, 1997; Thornton et al, 2002, 2007; Zhuang et al, 2003 and many others)
It is not clear whether the overestimation in soil CO2 concentrations resulted from an overestimation of the CO2 production rate in soil heterotrophic respiration or in root autotrophic respiration, or insufficient transport due to incorrect physical forcing, or even some combination that varied with time
Summary
The trajectory of ongoing climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007) depends strongly on greenhouse gas (e.g., H2O, CO2, CH4, and N2O) exchanges between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere. Existing soil biogeochemical models (either the bucket type formulation or the RTM based formulation) integrated with climate simulating systems usually do not have the ability to represent biogeochemical processes with different levels of complexity by restricting the model designation to a single conceptual structure, which creates a barrier to understand the effects of model structural uncertainty on the simulated carbon-nutrient cycles and their interactions with other components of the climate system. Such designation makes it difficult to consistently incorporate future developments.
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