Clinical phenotypes and outcomes of patients with left ventricular thrombus: an unsupervised cluster analysis

Abstract

ObjectiveLeft ventricular thrombus (LVT) can develop in a diverse group of patients with various underlying causes, resulting in divergent natural histories and trajectories with treatment. Our aim was to use cluster analysis to identify unique clinical profiles among patients with LVT and then compare their clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and outcomes. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study involving 472 patients with LVT whose data were extracted from a tertiary center's echocardiography database, from March 2011 to January 2021. We used the TwoStep cluster analysis method, examining 19 variables. ResultsOur analysis of the 472 patients with LVT revealed two distinct patient clusters. Cluster 1, comprising 247 individuals (52.3%), was characterized by younger patients with a lower incidence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and relatively fewer comorbidities compared with Cluster 2. Most patients had LVT attributed to an underlying ischemic condition, with a larger proportion being due to post-acute myocardial infarction in Cluster 1 (68.8%), and due to ischemic cardiomyopathy in Cluster 2 (57.8%). Notably, patients in Cluster 2 exhibited a reduced likelihood of LVT resolution (hazard ratio [HR] 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44–0.77, p < 0.001) and a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.43–3.60, p = 0.001). These associations persisted even after adjusting for variables such as anticoagulation treatment, the presence of left ventricular aneurysms, and specific LVT characteristics such as mobility, protrusion, and size. ConclusionThrough TwoStep cluster analysis, we identified two distinct clinical phenotypes among patients with LVT, each distinguished by unique baseline clinical attributes and varying prognoses.