Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is an important pathogen that caused several infection diseases, such as sinusitis, otitis media, sepsis, and meningitis. This study was conducted to find out the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Haemophilus influenzae isolates at general hospital in the central region of Japan from December 2015 to January 2016. Haemophilus influenzae was identified by standard laboratory procedure. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by micro dilution assay according to CLSI recommendation. One hundred ninety-one Haemophilus influenzae were isolated, among which 95 (49.7%) were from male and 96 (50.3%) were from female. The age incidence of (0) years, (≤2) years, (≤5) years, and (6≤) years groups were 22(11.5%), 92(48.2%), 61(31.9%), and 16(8.4%), respectively. Positive samples were received mostly from the nasal discharge (177/92.7%), sputum (6/3.1%), tonsillar (6/3.1%), and pharynx (2/1.0%). Ceftriaxone was the most active antibiotics with 100% susceptible rates, followed by ciprofloxacin (99.5%) and minocycline (99%) in our study. Furthermore, we categorized four patterns: beta lactamase-negative ampicillin-sensitive strain (BLNAS), beta lactamase-negative ampicillin-re- sistant strain (BLNAR), beta lactamase-positive ampicillin resistant strain (BLPAR), and beta lactamase-positive amoxicillin-clavulanic acid-resistant strain (BLPACR) from those ampicillin susceptible results. The numbers of female were significant greater than those of male in BLPAR (p = 0.0336). With respect to antimicrobial susceptible pattern, there was no minocycline and piperacillin resistant strain in both BLNAS and BLNAR (p
Highlights
Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacterium which is isolated from the upper respiratory tract of certain normal humans
Haemophilus influenzae infection spreads worldwide and inadequate use of antibiotics contributes to uptake of their new antimicrobial resistance
It is a major cause of bacterial meningitis in children aged under 5 years old and is a significant agent of respiratory tract infections, including acute otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, and other serious invasive infections [1]
Summary
Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacterium which is isolated from the upper respiratory tract of certain normal humans. It is a major cause of bacterial meningitis in children aged under 5 years old and is a significant agent of respiratory tract infections, including acute otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, and other serious invasive infections [1]. Hib immunization has yet to be included in routine childhood vaccinations in many countries, and Haemophilus influenzae remains one of the most important causes of community-acquired pneumonia [5]. Non-beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to ampicillin in Haemophilus influenzae was first reported in the early 1980s [8]. Prevalence of BLNAR among Haemophilus influenzae has been increasing in various countries in Europe and Asia [11] [12]
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