Clinical characteristics and associated factors of posttraumatic epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in children: A retrospective case-control study

Abstract

BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) affects approximately 69 million individuals annually, often resulting in well-documented complications such as epilepsy. Although numerous studies have been performed on posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) in adults over the past decade, research on chronic consequences of TBI in children remains limited. Herein, we retrospectively assessed children who had experienced moderate to severe TBI to determine their clinical characteristics and identify associated factors associated with the development of PTE in the pediatric population. MethodsThe study population comprised children aged 0–18 years who had experienced moderate to severe TBI and underwent treatment at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between 2011 and 2021. They were categorized into two groups: the PTE group, comprising individuals diagnosed with PTE within a one-year follow-up period, and the nPTE group, consisting of those who did not develop PTE during the same timeframe. The primary objective was to investigate the clinical characteristics and identify related associated factors. The relationship between various clinical factors and the incidence of PTE was assessed through univariate and multivariate logistic regression. ResultsA total of 132 patients were assessed. Most participants were male (65%) and the age distribution skewed towards younger children, with a median age of 41.0 months (interquartile range: 45.3). Upon their last clinical visit, 64 children (49%) were diagnosed with PTE. Notably, the first posttraumatic seizure predominantly occurred within the first week following the traumatic event. Further analyses revealed that increasing injury severity, as indicated by a lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (odds ratio [OR]: 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54–1.12, p= 0.018), a contusion load ≥3 (OR: 8.1, 95% CI: 2.3–28.9, p= 0.001), immediate posttraumatic seizures (IPTS) (OR: 8.9, 95% CI: 2.5–31.2, p < 0.001), and early posttraumatic seizures (EPTS) (OR: 54, 95% CI: 11–276, p < 0.001), were all significantly associated with a higher risk of developing PTE. ConclusionThis study highlights that the onset of PTE was associated with the markers of injury severity or PTS and identified GCS scores, contusion loads of ≥3, IPTS, and EPTS as independent associated factors significantly associated with the development of PTE.