Clinical and pathological definition of temporal medium epilepsy subtypes with hypocampic sclerosis

Abstract

Background and objectiveMesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is the most common cause of refractory epilepsy, and the most common indication for surgery. Although effective, surgery fails in up to 40% of patients. The objective of our study was to establish a correlation between the different histological subtypes of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and the prognosis, seizures control, side effects and anticonvulsivant drug withdrawal in patients with refractory epilepsy. Patients and methodClinical histories and anatomopathological specimens of 228 patients with temporal epilepsy surgically obtained at our hospital between 1993 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent a standard preoperative evaluation and anterior temporal resection (modified from Spencer). The anatomopathological study included the standard hematoxylin–eosin and immunohistochemical protocol, with special interest in the assessment of neuronal loss with NeuN. Seizure control was assessed according to the scale of results of the ILAE and Engel. The mean follow-up was 8.6 years (2–19). ResultsAt 10 years after the intervention, 67.9% of patients were seizure-free (ILAE 1) and as many as 77.5% of the patients were seizure-free (Engel 1) at the end of the follow-up. The probability of not having a seizure (ILAE 1) after surgery at 2 (p=0.042), 5 (p=0.001) and 7 years (p=0.22) was higher in classic and severe forms compared to isolated sclerosis CA1 and CA4 forms. Higher neuronal loss measured with the NeuN immunostain in CA1 was associated with better outcome in seizure management (multivariate analysis, p=0.08). The presence of a personal history of epilepsy was associated with greater neuronal loss in CA1 (p=0.028) and CA3 (p=0.034), and the presence of psychic auras was related with greater neuronal loss in CA3 (p=0.025). In our case, the probability of medication withdrawal was related to the presence of personal history (p=0.003) and, inversely, to neuronal loss in CA1 (p=0.036) and CA3 (p=0.038). The greatest impairment of verbal memory occurred in those patients with a lower neuronal loss in CA1 (p=0.023), CA2 (p=0.049) and CA3 (p=0.035). ConclusionsThe results indicate that the classical and severe subtypes have a better prognosis in the control of seizures against the atypical forms, validating the clinical and prognostic utility of the classification of histological subtypes of hippocampal sclerosis from the ILAE. The value of the immunohistochemistry in the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis has been demonstrated as a key element to determine the neuropsychological prognosis and seizure management of the patients after surgery.