Clinical and microstructural analysis of patients with hyper-reflective corneal endothelial nuclei imaged by in vivo confocal microscopy

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of hyper-reflective corneal endothelial nuclei imaged by in vivo confocal microscopy. A retrospective analysis was performed using a database of 505 patients that had undergone in vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea. All subjects with hyper-reflective endothelial nuclei were identified and these images were analysed to determine corneal endothelial cell density and morphology. The clinical notes of these patients were reviewed and corresponding data regarding corneal thickness was obtained from a related database of Orbscan II pachymetry. Hyper-reflective endothelial nuclei were identified in 41 eyes of 39 (7.7%) patients. Diagnoses included previous cataract surgery or penetrating keratoplasty, posterior polymorphous dystrophy, Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and irido-corneal endothelial syndrome. No patients with clinically normal corneas exhibited bright endothelial nuclei. The mean endothelial cell density in this group was 1325±872 cells mm −2 and endothelial density was below age-adjusted normal values in 69.2% of patients. Both cellular polymegathism (coefficient of variation of cell area 33.9±7.4%) and cellular pleomorphism were noted (51.8±9.0% hexagonal cells). The mean central corneal thickness was 582±52 μm. There was no significant difference in endothelial density and morphology compared to cases that had low endothelial density but did not exhibit bright nuclei. In conclusion, this study is the first to investigate the significance of bright endothelial nuclei detected by in vivo confocal microscopy. The strong association with corneal disease states suggests that the most likely explanation for this appearance is the alteration in cellular/nuclear morphology, composition or function.