CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF SERUM INTERLEUKIN-16 AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR LEVELS DEPENDING ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TUMORS AND LONG-TERM TREATMENT OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH BONE NEOPLASMS

Abstract

Background: The progress in cancer treatment, including bone malignancies, is associated with advances in molecular biology. Based on the results of a number of studies, treatment of bone sarcomas have been expanded with targeted therapy that uses drugs with targeted actions, including anti-angiogenic and bevacizumab, in particular. It inhibits the binding of a key activator of neoangiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with its receptors type 1 and 2 (Flt-1 and KDR) on the surface of endothelial cells, which results in a decrease in vascularization and in inhibition of tumor growth. Beyond VEGF, other activators of neoangiogenesis have been identified, such as interleukin 16 (IL-16). Aim: To compare baseline serum IL-16 and VEGF in patients with malignant, borderline and benign bone tumors. Materials and methods: Serum IL-16 and VEGF levels was compared in 138 patients with primary bone tumors: benign (n=10); borderline (giant cell bone, n=22); malignant (n=106), aged 14 to 50 years, by immunoenzyme assay (Biosource, USA for IL-16 and R&D, USA for VEGF) before any specific treatment. Bone malignancies were identified as osteosarcoma (n=45, among them 35 typical, 6 parosteal, and 4 periosteal), chondrosarcoma (n=24), Ewing sarcoma (n=27), and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (n=7) and chordoma (n=3). Results: The rate of IL-16 identification in the serum of bone tumors patients was 93%, with no significant differences depending on the histological structure of the tumor. No association between the size of primary tumors and IL-16 serum levels was found. Overall 3 and 5-year survival of patients with malignant bone tumors with IL-16 serum levels>33 pg/mL was significantly lower than in those IL-16 levels of≤33 pg/mL. Overall 5-year survival in osteosarcoma patients with higher IL-16 serum levels 1.6-fold lower, in Ewing sarcoma patients, 1.7-fold lower, and in chondrosarcoma patients, 1.8-fold lower than that the patients with IL-16 levels of≤33 pg/mL. VEGF levels in bone sarcomas patients were significantly higher than in those with borderline and benign tumors, whereas statistical analysis did not find any significant difference in VEGF levels depending on the histological structure of the primary tumor. Maximal VEGF levels were found in periosteal osteosarcoma, minimal ones, in parosteal osteosarcoma. Overall 3 and 5-year survival of patients with bone malignancies and serum VEGF concentrations above the mean for the group (> 493 pg/mL) was higher than that in the patients with low VEGF levels. Similar results were obtained in osteosarcoma, whereas in Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma higher 3 and 5-year survival rates were observed in patients with serum VEGF levels below 493 pg/mL. Conclusion: These data suggest that IL-16 and VEGF expression could be associated with pathophysiological changes related to growth and metastatic process of bone sarcomas, and may be a subject for further studies to determine the levels of these biomarkers and their predictive value in bone malignancies.