Abstract
ABSTRACT The projected changes in precipitation and air temperature over the Caspian Sea (CS) are studied using 13 Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios. The Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) and downscaling/bias-correction techniques are applied to reduce the uncertainties and correct the biases in CMIP6 outputs. Future projections indicate a warmer climate (0.4–3°C) over the CS in the 21st century, with precipitation changes up to 2.3% decrease or 20% increase based on scenarios. These changes pose significant environmental challenges that require mitigation and adoption strategies for sustainable development.
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