Classification of large black holes

Abstract

The black-hole--qubit correspondence has been proven to be ``useful for obtaining additional insight into one of the string black hole theory and quantum information theory by exploiting approaches of the other"[Phys. Rev. D 82, 026003 (2010)]. Though different classes of stringy black holes can be related to the well-known stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) entanglement classes of pure states, the string theory requires a more detailed classification than the SLOCC classification of three qubits. In this paper, we derive the entanglement family of three qubits under local unitary operations (LU), and use the black-hole--qubit correspondence to classify \textquotedblleft large\textquotedblright\ black holes into seven inequivalent families. In particular, we show that two black holes with 4 non-vanishing charges ($q_{0}$, $p^{1}$, $p^{2}$, and $p^{3}$) are LU equivalent if their difference is only in the signs of charges. Thus, the classification of black holes is independent of the signs of charges and is only related to the ratio of the absolute values of charges. This observation simplifies the classification task, as one would only need to consider either the classification of non-BPS black holes or the classification of BPS black holes, but not both. Moreover, through the LU classification, the physical basis for this black-hole--qubit correspondence can be observed, and a relation between the black-hole entropy and the von Neumann entanglement entropy is revealed. Therefore, the LU classification offers a more straightforward physical connection than the SLOCC classification. Based on the LU classification, we further study the properties of von Neumann entanglement entropy for each of the seven families, and find the black holes with the maximal von Neumann entanglement entropy.