Abstract
Numerous water and mud inrush cases show that among the factors that affect tunnel water and mud inrush disasters, stratum lithology is the basic factor and determines the type of groundwater occurrence; geological structure is the control factor, which dominates the burial, distribution and flow of groundwater, and determines the scale and size of water and mud inrush disasters; topography and geomorphology, hydrogeology, and climate are important conditions that affect groundwater recharge, runoff, discharge and occurrence characteristics; underground engineering activities are the direct cause of water and mud inrush disasters in tunnels.
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