CLASSICAL AND MODERN EXEGESIS STYLES: THE EVOLUTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT EXEGESIS STYLES FROM CLASSICAL AND MODERN PERIODS

This study aims to analyze interpersonal communication in Surah An-Nahl verse 125 based on the views of two mufasirs, namely Imam At-Thabari as a representation of classical interpretation and Fazlur Rahman as a representation of modern interpretation. This study aims to identify similarities and differences in the interpretations of the two mufasirs and explore their relevance to Islamic interpersonal communication theory. This research uses a qualitative method with a library research approach. The primary data sources used are Jami' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an by At-Thabari and Major Themes of the Qur'an by Fazlur Rahman. The results showed that Imam At-Thabari emphasized the importance of wisdom as revelation-based wisdom, mau'izhah hasanah as gentle and heartfelt advice, and mujadalah bi allati hiya ahsan as a dialogue based on justice and empathy. On the other hand, Fazlur Rahman offers a modern approach by highlighting contextual and humanist aspects, such as the importance of understanding the culture, psychology, and social conditions of the audience in delivering da'wah messages. This approach is relevant in answering communication challenges in the increasingly complex era of globalization. This research makes an academic contribution by combining classical and modern interpretations in the context of Islamic interpersonal communication theory, as well as offering practical guidance in effective Islamic da'wah that is in accordance with the values of the Islamic religion.

This qualitative research aims to comprehensively determine the gap between classical and contemporary interpretations of Qur’an Surah Quraisy that needs to be decomposed with the theological theory of humanism Hassan Hanafi, using the <em>t</em><em>ahlili-muqaran</em> interpretation method. The study found that the difference was apparent in explaining the term with the classical and modern interpretation methods used to define <em>ilaf</em> as habit or love and expertise in entrepreneurship, respectively. Furthermore, the word “Quraisy” is interpreted as a tribal name according to classical interpretation and branding in accordance with modern interpretations. The word <em>rihlah</em> is interpreted as a trade trip by classical interpretations, while in modern interpretation, it is known as an effort to maintain and improve quality. The word worship is interpreted as vertical and horizontal relationships by classical and modern interpretations, respectively. The differences are analyzed with the humanistic theology of Hassan Hanafi’s four points including, dialectics, eclectic, hermeneutics, and phenomenology. This research provides a new contribution to the interpretation of <em>tahlili</em> in collaboration with muqôron. It also tries to determine a common ground between classical and modern interpretations.

The existence of the Qur'an which is always relevant throughout the time (sha> lihun li kulli zama>n) directly provides space for the interpreters to interpret the Qur'an in accordance with the demands of the times. Modern interpretation is the product of contemporary interpreters who have new things in accordance with the context of the present era. If the classical interpretation has a source, style and method of interpretation, the modern interpretation also has the same thing as the classical interpretation. The development of modern interpretation sources begins by using the method of al-iqtira> ni (a combination of bi al-manqu>l and bi al-ma’thu>r). The development of the Modern interpretive method begins with the Islamic method> li then singular thematic interpretations (al-Maudhu> 'i al-Aha>d), prular thematic methods (al-Maudhu>' i al-Ja>mi ') and interpretations that discuss just one sentence by gathering all the verses using the sentence or derivation and the root of the sentence, then interpreting them one by one and expressing the theorem and its use in the Qur'an.

The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the influence of apparatus competence, internal control systems, organizational commitment and community participation on village fund management accountability. This research method uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) or Library Research or library research approach. This reference source was obtained from 20 journals published through the Google Scholar database. The results of the study show that apparatus competence, internal control systems, organizational commitment and community participation have an effect on the accountability of managing village funds. The implications of the findings of this study are to encourage accountable village fund management through increasing the competency of village fund management officials, village government organizational commitment, and community participation.
 
 Keywords: Village Apparatus Competence, Organizational Commitment, Internal Control System, Community Participation.

The development of Quranic exegesis during the Tabi'in era, the second generation in Islam after the Companions of Prophet Muhammad, saw continued efforts within the Muslim community to understand and interpret the messages of the Quran to guide life and religious practices. When we revisit the discussed developments in exegesis, it becomes evident that each historical period has its unique characteristics. This research aims to explore the history of exegesis based on the Tabi'in period. The research method employed is a library research approach, gathering necessary information from various reference sources such as books, records, and research articles. The findings reveal that during the Tabi'in era, the activity of Quranic exegesis continued to evolve, giving rise to various schools, methods, and styles of interpretation. In the Tabi'in era, the development of exegesis was marked by the emergence of interpretive schools in Mecca, Medina, and Iraq. Exegesis development persisted with diversity in sources, styles, and methods of interpretation. This can be observed in the context of Tabi'in exegesis, where the primary sources still retained the interpretive methods used by the Companions, yet the Tabi'in began to engage in independent interpretation (ijtihad) and introduced new ways of thinking into their interpretations.

Bribery (risywah) is a prohibited act in Islam as it disrupts justice and fosters social inequality. In hadith studies, bribery is strongly condemned due to its potential to corrupt morality and societal order. This study examines hadiths related to bribery, identifies its prohibited forms, and analyzes their relevance in modern contexts. This research contributes to the academic discussion by providing a comprehensive hadith-based perspective on bribery and its implications in contemporary society. Using a library research approach with a thematic hadith commentary and contextualization model, this study systematically examines classical and modern scholarly interpretations of bribery. However, scholars allow bribery under specific conditions, such as in emergencies, when it does not harm others, or when avoiding greater injustice. Additionally, hadith discussions differentiate bribery from permissible gifts, emphasizing that judges should not accept gifts while in office, as their salary suffices. Moreover, bribery remains a contemporary issue, appearing in forms such as extortion, civil servant recruitment fraud, judicial gratuities, and vote-buying in elections. In conclusion, Islamic teachings on bribery remain highly relevant, as they establish ethical guidelines to prevent corruption. The study highlights the necessity of upholding justice and integrity in governance and public affairs.

The Industrial Revolution 4.0 era and COVID-19 pandemic have accelerated the adoption of digital technology in education, yet Islamic educational institutions face unique challenges in balancing technological modernization with the preservation of authentic Islamic values and scholarly traditions. This research employs the theoretical framework of Resource-Based View (RBV) and the Islamic concept of tawhid to analyze how religious values can serve as strategic resources in creating sustainable competitive advantage through digital technology integration. The objective of this research is to analyze the integration strategy of digital technology with Islamic values in educational innovation and develop an implementation framework to achieve sustainable competitive advantage for Islamic educational institutions. The research utilizes qualitative methods with a library research approach through content analysis and narrative synthesis of international journals, academic books, and current research publications validated through source triangulation from various academic databases. The research findings identify three integration models (content, pedagogical, and systemic), competitive advantage achievement strategies through value-based differentiation and network effects, and a five-dimensional implementation framework (philosophical, structural, operational, evaluative, and adaptive) that can create unique value propositions in learning ecosystems combining spiritual, intellectual, and technological intelligence. The research limitation lies in the library research approach that does not involve empirical validation through case studies or direct implementation in Islamic educational institutions therefore it is recommended to conduct further research with a mixed-method approach that combines theoretical analysis with implementation case studies in various types of Islamic educational institutions to test the effectiveness of the developed framework in diverse practical contexts

Al-Biqa'i was a mufasir who lived around 809 Hijriyah. His work in the intellectual world has produced a book which has become a magnum opus, namely the book Nazm al-Durar fi Tanāsub al-Āyāt wa al-Suwar. In terms of methodology, Tafsir Al-Biqā'ī uses the method of interpreting the Al-Qur'an verse by verse and letter by letter sequentially according to the arrangement of the verses and letters in the Al-Qur'an (tahlili), with the style used being language (lughawi). This research uses qualitative methods with a library research approach. This article finds that there are interpretation styles other than linguistic styles, namely the maqashid style used by al-Biqa'i in interpreting the Al-Qur'an. Al-Biqa'i uses maqashid surah in his maqashid approach. Al-Biqa'i revealed that the surahs of the Qur'an have a main theme and other themes within them. The name of the surah is taken from the main theme of the surah. So according to al-Biqa'i, in finding the maqashid of a surah, you must know the theme contained in the surah and to find it, you need to review the contents of the surah by looking at the relationships in the Al-Qur'an.

One of the phenomenal Tafsir in Indonesia written by non-Arabic commentators is Tafsir Al-Azhar by Hamka (Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah). This interpretation becomes a reference for Muslims in Indonesia before other modern interpretations come. This interpretation is widely referenced by Qur’an scholars because the language is easy to digest and detailed explanation in accordance with present times. Based on a search of some literature there is no specific discussion about manhaj Tafsir Al-Azhar and its application. So this article will critically examine Hamka’s Tafsir Al-Azhar, especially from the aspect of manhaj and its application in its interpretation. Specifically this article will discuss the method of interpretation, the mechanism of interpretation, and the style of interpretation. The approach used by the writer is Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysis is one of the methods of analyzing discourse in a work by critically analyzing. Fairclough uses discourse analysis by pointing the use of language as a social practice not just an individual activity. In addition, Fairclough also created a model that brought together discourse analysis which was based on linguistics as well as on socio-political thought, or generally integrated with social change. The results of the study shows that Tafsir Al-Azhar is included in the category of non-school interpretation (non-madzhab), which is also characterized by patterns of thought and modern interpretation, especially from Tafsir Al-Manâr and Fî Zhilâl Al-Qur'ân, two books of tafsir are more patterned of adabi -ijtima’î.

This study analyzes the comparative understanding of the position of women in classical and modern interpretations, as well as the social implications of these differences in interpretation in the context of contemporary Muslim society. The research method used is qualitative with a literature study approach, involving analysis of classical interpretation books. The results of the study indicate that classical interpretations tend to interpret verses about women textually and normatively, focusing on domestic roles and household relations, while modern interpretations use a contextual and socio-historical approach that emphasizes gender equality and relevance to social reality. The conclusion of this study reveals that the development of interpretation from classical to modern reflects a paradigm shift from a literal understanding to a holistic understanding that is adaptive to social change. This study contributes to an inclusive Islamic discourse and supports gender justice in Islam

This paper examines Imam Al-Ghazali's educational thought and its relevance in the modern world of education. As a great scholar in the Islamic tradition, Al-Ghazali emphasized that education is not only for the transfer of knowledge, but also for the formation of individual character and spirituality. Through a library research approach, this study explores Al-Ghazali's ideas on moral and moral education, and assesses whether his views are still relevant to address contemporary educational challenges. Al-Ghazali proposed active, reflective and spiritual values-oriented learning methods, which can be adapted to strengthen moral and ethical education in the modern era. This research aims to bridge traditional thought and today's educational needs, while identifying the positive contributions that Al-Ghazali's thought can make to the modern education system.

The richness and uniqueness of the language in the Qur'an play a crucial role in shaping and preserving the Arabic language, as well as influencing various intellectual and cultural aspects within the Islamic world. The Qur'an, as a divine scripture, not only serves as a spiritual guide but also as a linguistic and cultural heritage with profound impact. Linguistically, the Qur'an not only employs the Arabic language but also sets the highest standards in its usage. Innovations in sentence structure, rhetorical devices, and the introduction of specialized terminology characterize the linguistic uniqueness of the Qur'an, inspiring poets, writers, and scholars throughout history. The research method used is qualitative descriptive analysis with a library research approach, examining various literature related to linguistics, culture, and Islamic traditions. The findings indicate that the Qur'an not only establishes the highest standards in the use of the Arabic language but also introduces linguistic innovations through sentence structures, rhetorical devices, and new terminology. Intellectually, the Qur'an serves as the primary source for the tradition of exegesis, commentary, and rhetorical studies, influencing the development of various academic disciplines. Culturally, the Qur'an profoundly impacts Islamic arts such as calligraphy, literature, and music, reflecting the values of the Arabic language and Islamic culture. In conclusion, the Qur'an functions not only as a sacred scripture but also as the foundation of Islamic civilization, encompassing spiritual, intellectual, and cultural values. The Qur'an's contribution to the development of the Arabic language and the preservation of Islamic culture serves as a vital foundation for maintaining the identity and unity of the Muslim community.

The presence and emergence of Islamic education in Indonesian soil is closely related to the entry of Islam on earth. The process of Islamization of society at that time was an integral part of the implementation of Islamic education. This paper is of a qualitative type, with a library research approach. Several early education institutions in Indonesia. First, pesantren may have originated from India (Hindu influence in Java), but the education system is certain to come from the Islamic tradition that originated in Arabic. There is an argument to support this hypothesis that Islam came to Java for the first time brought by Shaykh Malik Ibrahim or Maulana Maghribi (one of the songo guardians) and he had studied in the Kingdom of Pasai. Both Surau come from elements of the indigenous Malay culture and are related to the belief at that time as an Islamic educational institution. The three Dayahs are the oldest Islamic educational institutions in Aceh and even in the archipelago. Dayah was born, grew and developed along with the entry and development of Islam in Acehnese society.

The concept of tazkiyah al-nafs (purification of the soul) holds an important position in the Islamic tradition as it serves as the key to human spiritual and psychological development. Without purification of the soul, it is difficult for a person to achieve holistic growth, both in the inner dimension (faith and peace of heart) and in the dimension of personality (mind, morals, and character). Therefore, the study of tazkiyah al-nafs is highly relevant in efforts to understand the comprehensive formation of human personality. This research aims to examine the concept of tazkiyah al-nafs from the perspective of Qur’anic exegesis as well as the ethical-sufi thought presented in Mi‘rāj al-Sa‘ādah by Aḥmad al-Narāqī. The method employed is qualitative with a library research approach, utilizing primary sources including the Qur’an, both classical and contemporary exegesis, and al-Narāqī’s work. The findings indicate that tazkiyah al-nafs is an internal process of cleansing the soul from blameworthy traits and adorning it with noble character. The Qur’an repeatedly emphasizes this concept, as in Q.S. Ash-Shams [91]: 9–10, which highlights the success of the purified soul. Meanwhile, in Mi‘rāj al-Sa‘ādah, al-Narāqī elaborates the stages of tazkiyah through self-knowledge, mujāhadah (striving), riyāḍah (discipline), and murāqabah (self-vigilance), while also stressing the importance of reason and the sharia as means of purification. The implications of this study show that tazkiyah al-nafs is highly relevant to the development of Islamic psychology, particularly in formulating spiritual therapy and character education based on turāth values. Furthermore, the study opens opportunities for integrating classical Islamic concepts into contemporary psychology, focusing on a balanced approach to both the spiritual and mental dimensions of the individual.

This study examines the period of Islamic education reform in India during the 19th to early 20th centuries, focusing on educational transformation, religious thought renewal, and socio-political impacts. Employing qualitative research with a library research approach, the study analyzes primary and secondary sources to gain comprehensive insights. The findings reveal that educational transformation, through integrating modern curricula with Islamic values and revitalizing traditional madrasahs, played a pivotal role in addressing the challenges of modernity. Religious thought reform, via ijtihad and reinterpretation of religious texts, facilitated a dialogue between Islamic traditions and modernity. The socio-political impacts included the emergence of an educated Muslim middle class, women's empowerment, and increased political engagement of the Muslim community. This research concludes that this historical experience provides valuable lessons for contemporary Islamic reform efforts, particularly in harmonizing Islamic values with modern demands.