Города в системе расселения Юга Дальнего Востока: выбор исследовательского инструментария

The aim of this paper is to discuss local and regional planning and development practices in a post‐socialist country such as Estonia. Two approaches — central places and network theories — are used as a conceptual basis. According to the first hypothesis, planning and development of social infrastructure (e.g. schools, sports halls) has remained based on the central place theory — as an outdated planning approach — in Estonia. The second hypothesis argues that while, on the one hand, the application of the network paradigm and increased cooperation between local communities would considerably save public resources, on the other hand, because of the path dependency of Soviet centralized planning and development practices, the networking and lobbying takes place vertically rather than horizontally. This restricts both administrative cooperation and networking on the local and regional levels. The paper consists of three parts. The first part describes the turn in Western planning theory: the shift from normative top‐down planning to a bottom‐up approach and networking. The second part analyses critically the Soviet and post‐Soviet planning theory and practices: the planning and development culture created during the Soviet era. Finally we present a case study of a community planning procedure in the Suure‐Jaani locality — a good example of the influence of historical changes in the settlement system and planning culture of the past on current development.

Investigating the central place theory using trajectory big data

The article applies the provisions of the theory of the central places of V. Kristaller for constructing a model of the system of settlements of the Kharkiv region with the aim of increasing the efficiency of the existing settlement system. Based on the existing administrative-territorial structure, according to which the focus of different levels of hierarchy are the cities of regional and regional importance. In addition, the hierarchy coefficients are determined for the location of the districts of the Kharkiv region. It was found out that the most convenient geographical location is occupied by Kharkiv, Balaklia, Zmiyiv, Pervomaisky and Chuguevsky districts, the less convenient is the Dvorichansky district. It is determined that the main administrative center and the largest city of the region is Kharkiv. Among other large cities are Lozova, Kupyansk, Krasnograd, Vovchansk, Barvinkovo, Bogodukhiv. These cities form a hexagon around Kharkiv. To choose the optimal variant of the regionalization of the Kharkiv region, the calculation of the index of the measure of dissimilarity was used. The optimal result of the division of the Kharkiv region includes 10 districts with centers in the cities of Kharkiv, Balaklia, Barvinkovo, Bogodukhiv, Vovchansk, Izyum, Krasnograd, Kupyansk, Lozova, Pervomaisky. After the application of the Kristaller grid, the calculation of the index of the measure of dissimilarity for the Kharkiv region showed a value close to the average, which indicates the optimality of the model. The proposed model of a system of settlements can be used to improve the administrative and territorial structure of the Kharkiv region. The linkage of the proposed model with the decentralization reform implemented in Ukraine and, in particular, in the Kharkiv region, showed that the location of the network of joint territorial communities is very uneven in the allocated areas.

The article is devoted to clarifying the axiomatic foundation of the central place theory (CPT) and identifying the possibilities and limitations of the logical transition in research from real settlement systems to central place systems. The necessity of relying on the CPT axioms is determined in the following form: (1) the space of the CP system is not infinite, but finite: the basis of each system is formed by an isolated lattice; theory deals with physical space, not mathematical or geographical; (2) space is homogeneous and isotropic in all respects, with the exception of the distribution of not only the urban, but also the rural population; (3) the hexagonal lattice corresponds to the equilibrium state of an isolated CP system as an attractor; deviations from the hexagonal shape are the result of only external influence on the system; (4) CP systems are polymorphic–they can exist in modifications both with the same and with different values of K-parameter ∈ (1; 7] for all levels of the hierarchy. The axiom about the “rational” behavior of the consumer is accepted when establishing the hierarchy of the CP in terms of the functions performed; when establishing their hierarchy in terms of population, it is redundant. In contrast to the foreign approach to CPT, which involves the transfer of the properties of an ideal CP system to a real settlement system, within the framework of the Russian school approach, they are compared. The possibility of the latter is due to the equivalence principle in the relativistic version of the theory: the formation of settlement systems in geographic space occurs similarly to the formation of CP systems in physical space. In both cases, if the gravitational effects are compensated, it is impossible to distinguish the settlement system from the CP system, that is, a heterogeneous and anisotropic geographic space from a homogeneous and isotropic physical one. The immediate consequence of this is the equivalence, on the one hand, of the population size of settlements and population size of central places, and, on the other hand, of the distances between them in real settlement systems and CP systems.

The paper discusses the questions of urban development of the Baikal-Angarsk settlement system. The following research tasks were formulated: to identify the characteristics of urban planning in the Baikal-Angarsk settlement system with the allocation of structural elements; to determine the develop-ment of environmentally sustainable land management; to identify the milestones of spatial develop-ment – the supporting nodes of settlement. These tasks could be solved by overcoming the contradic-tion between the reliance on the spatial development of the Baikal region with a rich natural-resource potential and the geographic “reduction” of urban development to one point on the map – Irkutsk. The research methodology was based on the concept of environmentally sustainable settlement proposed by Academician V.V. Vladimirov, the idea of environmentally oriented urban planning by professor A.G. Bolshakov, as well as the central place theory by W. Kristalller. As a result, the characteristics of the urban planning framework under investigation were revealed, formed by a combination of three frameworks: economic, transport and communication, terrain and environment. In each of these frameworks, axes are distinguished, whose intersection explains the formation of settlement nodes, typological characteristics associated with these nodes and the extent of the influence area for each of them. The selected structural elements of the settlement system are planning areas formed around the supporting nodes. The paper formulates recommendations for the urban development of supporting nodes according to their economic and geographic location, the rich natural-resource and production potentials of the Baikal region within the framework of a new environmental technology order (the sixth in order). A general model of the settlement system, characteristic of the entire southern Siberia, was developed. For the Baikal-Angara settlement area, this model assumes an impact point onto the sup-porting nodes, which will cause significant changes in the entire settlement system.

AN EVALUATION OF CENTRAL PLACE THEORY IN A RECREATION CONTEXT: THE CASE OF COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA Lisle Series Mitchell* OBJECTIVES AND PROCEDURES. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate several of the spatial aspects of central place theory in a recreation context and to add to the limited store of spatial knowledge pertaining to urban recreation. These objectives will be attained by (1) a brief discussion of the applicability of recreational phenomena to central place theory, (2) an illustration of the lack of general information pertaining to the spatial aspects of urban recreation, and (3) the testing of three hypotheses. The hypotheses are drawn directly or indirectly from literature related to recreation, and they are examined under conditions as they are found in Columbia, South Carolina. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY. Central place theory as postulated by Chris­ taller is “a general deductive theory designed to explain the size, number, and distribution of towns in the belief that some ordering principles govern the distribution.” (I) Concern with these factors and variables remains basic to the theory, but recent research has extended the content and generalized the application of the theory until it may be considered a theory of tertiary activity. (2) If central place theory is considered a theory of tertiary activity then the application of recreational phenomena and the testing of recrea­ tional hypotheses in a central place context is a valid procedure. It is be­ lieved that such an approach will provide a new and different perspective to research in central place theory. The recreational central places examined in this paper are playgrounds. Playgrounds are used for three reasons: (1) they are places where fundamen­ tal recreational activities are carried on, (2) they are the most common and ubiquitous of the recreational units found in the city, and (3) they function as a central place for formal recreation programs. URBAN RECREATION. Geographers have written sparingly about the spacing and distribution of urban recreation. Only 14 articles related to the topic were published in the geographic literature of North America be­ tween 1930, when the first article pertaining to recreational geography ap­ peared, (3) and 1966. (4) A number of persons from other disciplines have considered the spatial problems related to urban recreation. For example, George Hjelte, a former manager of the Department of Recreation and Parks in Los Angeles, discusses the problems of the distribution and spacing of community facilities in the article “Community Planning for Facilities.” (5) *Dr. Mitchell is assistant professor of geography at the University of South Carolina, Colum bia. The paper was accepted for publication in April 1968. V o l . VIII, 1968 47 George D. Butler, in each of three books, (6) goes to considerable length to analyze some of the spatial characteristics of recreation sites. ASSUMPTIONS. The evaluation of any theory based upon abstract assump­ tions is difficult. In fact, the validity of such a theory can only be proven or disproven if its basic assumptions can be duplicated in reality. Since these conditions are almost never exactly reproduced in reality it is next to impos­ sible to test the theory in any direct manner. Nevertheless, it is possible to approximate equilibrium conditions in the human landscape and therefore it is possible to approximate the theory or, at least, to show the tendency of the theory to explain conditions in a realistic situation. The assumptions that most directly relate to this study of recreational central places are two in number. First, central place theory assumes a flat, uniform plain with uniform transportation mobility over given distances. This assumption is fairly well met in Columbia since the local relief is 129 feet, and even though there are some relatively steep slopes within the city they are of such limited scale as to be inconsequential. Travel to the central place considered here is for the most part limited to walking and cycling, and thus for all practical purposes mobility can be considered to be uniform. Second, central place theory assumes that population is uniformly distribut­ ed. This assumption does not hold for the study area. Population density reaches a peak relatively close to the central business district and then stea­ dily declines with increasing distance...

The article considers the theory of central places as a methodological basis for creating a system of reference settlement. The practical significance and relevance of it is largely determined by the purpose of creating a system of central places in conditions of a limited (minimal) number of central places to ensure that all settlements of the corresponding territory are provided with the necessary services. Using the example of Germany, the authors show how the concept of central places is widely used in spatial organization, spatial development and territorial planning, in the organization of the system of public power and the provision of services. The authors analyze the current federal agenda and the regional practice of the Russian regions identification of reference settlements (on the example of the Stavropol Territory). The authors determine the nature and area of distribution of the benefits provided; the number of the population acting as a potential consumer of the benefits provided; the intensity of the impact on migration processes (primarily pendulum migration) and the labor market; the level of infrastructural development (including industrial, transport, social infrastructure); distance to other central places. The approbation of the proposed approach is presented on the example of the Kochubeyevsky municipal district of the Stavropol Territory. The authors consider fundamentally important taking into account that the system of third-level reference settlements should be significantly more extensive.

Multifractals of central place systems: Models, dimension spectrums, and empirical analysis

Explosive urbanization in the Republic of Korea from 1950 to 2010 marked by a growth in extensive urban agglomerations rendered unproductive the approach that was commonly used in the central place theory and which considered every element of the settlement system as a point in a homogeneous space. The paper suggests an alternative concept of fuzzy central place that makes possible the understanding of an internal heterogeneity in the distribution of central functions within the limits of urban agglomerations. This research was conducted using the example of the Capital agglomeration - the main element of the Republic of Korea’s urban settlement system. This “island” country, isolated by North Korea, has seen fantastic economic growth in the second half of the 20th century.

The Central Place Theory (CPT) originates from the works of Walter Christaller (1933) in which he sets up a set of rules in terms of population threshold and commuting range for the provision of any specific service such as schooling or the running of a hospital. The model became very influential and guided the regional delineation of Estonia in the 1930ies and Sweden during the post-war years. In addition, from the methodological viewpoint, CPT can be considered as a starting platform in the complexity studies, by highlighting the relevance of hierarchies and regularities in the spatial organization of socio-economic activities. Interestingly, the issue of complexity taking form of hierarchies was examined about thirty years later by the Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon in 1962, by paving the way to the ongoing discussion on complexity vs. simplicity. Given this important role of hierarchic systems, in this study, we revisit the underlying principles of population threshold and commuting range as used in the CPT by comparing the delineation of municipalities (designed to follow the CPT) to the functional distribution and use of mobile phones. 1,2 million phones are followed for 24h in a unique data-material stored in the MIND database at Uppsala University. By estimating the location of each phone at each hour, the diurnal paths of peoples’ activities are included in a model of CPT. Using a self-organising algorithm; phones are made to gravitate towards each other for the formation of centres, where a k-value corresponding to a CPT threshold functions as the target value. The area from which the phone at any centre has come corresponds to the area that defines the range used in the CPT. Summing up: by comparing the areal delineation of municipalities to the modelled areas of phones we can test: a) to what extent the CPT works in a contemporary setting; and b) if our self-organisation modelling can be used to identify hierarchical regions/areas that capture the different activity needs.

ABSTRACTThis article utilizes central place theory (CPT) to navigate the “deluge” brought about by big data. While originating in the 1930s, CPT is a theoretical monument of 1960s spatial science. CPT aims to understand settlement geographies based on consumption behavior and is often presented as a singular, outdated, and rationalist theory. After critically reviewing the history of CPT, we assess the microfoundations of Christaller’s CPT – the threshold and range of goods – for various central functions in Louisville, Kentucky. The microfoundations are estimated through data from social media platforms Foursquare and Twitter. These sources alleviate many of the operationalization issues that traditionally hamper empirical use of CPT. The empirical application of CPT reveals that: (i) central functions have typical ranges and thresholds relating central places to population spread; (ii) central functions cluster based on an approximate hierarchical structure. The findings indicate the ongoing importance of CPT in shaping urban-economic geographies.

of municipalities in the Czech Republic in the era of socialism. This was a consequence of the application of the central system of settlement, which was based on Christaller’s theory of central places. In connection with the changes after 1989, there was a disintegration of such integrated communities and the situation has since stabilized. A number of small villages were renewed but cities with inhabitants of a hundred thousand (population of these cities oscillates around a hundred thousand inhabitants) did not experience such processes. Due to this fact the big cities in the Czech Republic are typical for their larger size because they also administrate smaller residential units of rural characteristics, often many kilometers from the city centers. These administrative parts of the cities are managed in different ways. In connection with the manifestations of suburbanization during the past twenty years, the transformation of the social structure of the inhabitants in these “suburbs” and changes in rules of municipal budgetary allocation of taxes (hereinafter BAT) there is the question of sustainability and stability of such defi ned borders of municipalities. The paper presents opinions on the development of the fi nancing system and attempts to analyze the motives of the peripheral parts of selected cities with inhabitants of a hundred thousand to remain part of or separate from these cities. In connection with changes in the BAT made on 1st January 2013, the fi nancial motive can have an important role. The main aim of the paper will be a comparison of the current fi nancial income of these municipalities with previous periods in relation to changes in the BAT and assess the impact of these changes on the potential disintegration processes and municipal politics. The process of urban disintegration and creation of a new municipality is not easy and is provided for in the legal system of the Czech Republic. The paper also gives an overview of this legislation. The authors focus on the cities of Olomouc and Pardubice. The whole study follows on detailed research of the suburban zones and its development in the hinterlands of cities with about 100 thousand inhabitants. Theoretical results are confronted with a real situation in municipalities, the main source of information from practice were structured interviews with representatives of 20 municipalities, mainly mayors. 1. Theoretical Background

The purpose of the article is to evaluate territorial hierarchies, internal to an island context, through the theory of central places. To this end, the authors want to demonstrate how some key points of these theories are still relevant all the more if applied to geographically closed contexts, such as an island. Starting from these premises, this paper begins with a literature revision on the most important theories on central places with particular reference to the theories closest to contemporary world. Therefore, the authors study the attraction and aggregation potential of the Sardinian case study, defined by the most suitable localization theories for studying island contexts. This allowed not only to study the analysis of flows through a territorial-hierarchical model, under the theoretical assumptions of the Central Places Theories (CPTs), but also to develop a model and a reticular system on several levels, starting from the population data. This paper shows a first phase of a wider research and provides a bibliographic framework to understand how the theories of central places are still suitable for studying a closed system like an island.

One of the conditions of the central place theory is the assumption of a constant k parameter - a share of a central place in the population of the area served by this central place - for all levels of the Christaller’s hierarchy. Nevertheless, we did not find a rigorous proof of this assertion (underlying the Beckmann-Parr equation) in the bibliography on the central place theory. If this condition is assumed true, it also remains unclear - whether for all or only for strictly defined k -values. We have established that if the chosen K -value of the Christaller’s hierarchy is constant at every lattice level, the Beckmann-Parr equation holds for all meaningful values of k . At the same time we found that the range of k -values for an ideal Christaller’s lattice is bounded above by not an asymptote at k = 1, but an exact almost twice smaller value equal to \(K - \sqrt{K^{2}-K}\) K 2 + K . Since the latter changes very slightly during a radical rearrangement of the lattice from K = 3 to K = 7, we can state that we have discovered the new nonstrict invariant in the central place theory - the maximum value of k .

Following a half century of popularity, central place theory experienced 20 years of neglect when the new urban system theory of network modeling gained attention at the beginning of the 1990s. However, central place theory remains valid, and it seems there has been a reemergence with it. Using the Greater Pearl River Delta (Greater PRD) as an experimental study region, this paper intends to present an empirical study that validates central place theory and shows that it can be integrated into an overall regional urban system. The study uses the compound Central Place Importance (CPI) to evaluate whether there is a hierarchy among the urban centers within the study area. The results indicate the existence of a hierarchy. Furthermore, empirical observation finds distinct complementarity relationships, rank-size distributions, and co-operative actions between the different cities, thus substantiating the claim that central place theory can be incorporated into an overall regional urban system. Besides, the presence of the densely distributed modern infrastructure system also appears to constitute a dimension of the overall urban system. There need further theoretical and empirical studies in order to support this proposition.