Abstract
Plant biotechnology is a dynamically developing science, which comprises many fields of knowledge. Novel plant genetic engineering findings highly influence the improvement of industrial production. These findings mostly concern cis-regulatory elements, which are sequences controlling gene expression at all developmental stages. They comprise of promoters, enhancers, insulators and silencers, which are used to construct synthetic expression cassettes. Examples of most important cis-regulatory elements are reviewed in the present paper. Variability among core promoters content and distal promoter regions impedes evaluation of interactions between them during the artificial promoters construction. Synthetic promoters and artificial expression cassettes trigger a significant increase in gene expression level, better properties and quality of a product. Accumulating knowledge about gene promoters, cis sequences and their cooperating factors allows uniform expression systems and highly predictable results.
Highlights
In the past century, biotechnology became one of the most vigorously evolving branches of science due to its main purpose—supporting numerous economic sectors
The aim is to obtain methods independent from gene coding sequences and mostly based on promoter organization because some conservative motifs have lost their previous function and some specific elements appeared among genomes during evolution (Shamloo-Dashtpagerdi et al 2015)
Combining enhancers derived from constitutively active genes with specific promoters results in various effects
Summary
Biotechnology became one of the most vigorously evolving branches of science due to its main purpose—supporting numerous economic sectors. Many elements present in plant genome control the gene expression level through interactions with DNA or regulatory proteins at every stage of implementation of genetic information. The GC-rich sequence, is not present in all plants, but plays an important role in many animal promoters, such as binding transcription factor Sp1, which boosts expression efficiency.
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