Abstract
In this study, we explore the circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands. Surveillance data collected between 2006 and 2016 was used to evaluate subtype diversity, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic relationships between wild bird and poultry viruses. We observed close species-dependent associations among hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes. Not all subtypes detected in wild birds were found in poultry, suggesting transmission to poultry is selective and likely depends on viral factors that determine host range restriction. Subtypes commonly detected in poultry were in wild birds most frequently detected in mallards and geese. Different temporal patterns in virus prevalence were observed between wild bird species. Virus detections in domestic ducks coincided with the prevalence peak in wild ducks, whereas virus detections in other poultry types were made throughout the year. Genetic analysis of the surface genes demonstrated that most poultry viruses were related to locally circulating wild bird viruses, but no direct spatiotemporal link was observed. Results indicate prolonged undetected virus circulation and frequent reassortment events with local and newly introduced viruses within the wild bird population. Increased knowledge on LPAI virus circulation can be used to improve surveillance strategies.
Highlights
Outbreaks of AI virus infections can have serious consequences for animal health and may result in major economic losses for the poultry industry
Analysis of surveillance data obtained in the Netherlands between January 2006 and September 2016 demonstrated that wild birds were frequently infected with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses and infection of poultry was not uncommon
Most wild bird LPAI viruses were detected in mallards, which were the most sampled species among the waterfowl breeding population in the Netherlands
Summary
Outbreaks of AI virus infections can have serious consequences for animal health and may result in major economic losses for the poultry industry. In the Netherlands, the circulation of AI viruses in wild birds and poultry has been monitored for more than a decade[10,11]. Surveillance data collected in the Netherlands between 2006 and 2016 was analysed to obtain more insight in the circulation of LPAI viruses in wild birds and poultry. We analysed the subtype diversity among LPAI viruses from wild birds and poultry to identify potential hosts for viruses that infect poultry. Spatiotemporal patterns of LPAI virus detections in wild birds and poultry were inferred to identify potential geographical locations or periods in a calendar year associated with infection of poultry.
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