Abstract
Cilia are whip-like projections that are widely conserved in eukaryotes and function as a motile propeller and/or sensory platform to detect various extracellular stimuli. In vertebrates, cilia are ubiquitously found in most cells, showing structural and functional diversities depending on the cell type. In this review, we focus on the structure and function of cilia in choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs). CPECs form one or two dozen non-motile 9+0 cilia, which display transient acquisition of motility during development. Genetic malfunction of cilia can lead to failure of multiple organs including the brain. Especially, several groups have demonstrated that the defects in CPEC cilia cause the communicating form of hydrocephalus. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the hydrocephalus, we have previously demonstrated that the cilia possess an NPFF receptor for autocrine signaling to regulate transepithelial fluid transport. In this perspective, we also discuss the potential involvement of cilia in the other aspects of choroid plexus functions, such as the regulation of brain development and neuroinflammation.
Highlights
Cilia are whip-like projections that are widely conserved in eukaryotes and function as a motile propeller and/or sensory platform to detect various extracellular stimuli
We used a primary culture system for swine choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) to analyze ciliary function and showed that deciliation by chloral hydrate increases both intracellular cAMP levels and basolateral-to-apical transepithelial fluid transcytosis, which is consistent with the above observations by Banizs et al (Narita et al, 2010)
We demonstrated localization of neuropeptide FF receptor 2 on CPEC cilia, and its autoactivation downregulated cellular cAMP levels and fluid transcytosis
Summary
Cilia are whip-like projections that are widely conserved in eukaryotes and function as a motile propeller and/or sensory platform to detect various extracellular stimuli. Ependyma (ependymocytes) lining brain ventricles form hundreds of motile cilia to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The choroid plexus epithelium secretes ligands that are important for brain physiology, and regulates protein diffusion and leukocyte infiltration from systemic circulation (Redzic et al, 2005; Reboldi et al, 2009; Shechter et al, 2013).
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