Abstract
Not all transcribed eukaryotic RNAs are precisely protein-coding, some seem to be non-functional and are the results of spurious transcription, while many others play pivotal roles in specific regulation of gene expression and direct translation. The regulation in the shape of gene silencing occurs at two stages of transcriptional and post-transcriptional. In transcriptional layer, either an RNA-directed DNA methylation and/or chromatin remodeling can be modulated by non-protein coding RNAs in the nucleus. In post-transcriptional regulation, sequence-specific regulation of complementary target mRNAs is remaining the principal cause. miRNA-mediated gene regulation machinery that triggers the regular transcription of mRNAs is evolutionarily ancient and is the topic of this review.
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