Abstract
Chronic kidney disease represents an increasing health burden worldwide. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease are closely interlinked, with dysfunction in one organ often causing dysfunction in the other, ultimately leading to the failure of both. Patients with end-stage renal disease are at significantly higher risk of mortality due to cardiovascular complications. Shared risk factors for both chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease include age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, tobacco use, family history, and male gender. This review focuses on whether early-stage chronic kidney disease serves as an important risk factor for the presence, severity, and progression of cardiovascular disease.
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