Chlorogenic acid biosynthesis: Characterization of a light-induced microsomal 5- O-(4-coumaroyl)- d-quinate/shikimate 3′-hydroxylase from carrot ( Daucus carota L.) cell suspension cultures

Abstract

Microsomal preparations from carrot ( Daucus carota L.) cell suspension cultures catalyze the formation of trans-5- O-caffeoyl- d-quinate (chlorogenate) from trans-5- O-(4-coumaroyl)- d-quinate. trans-5- O-(4-Coumaroyl)shikimate is converted to about the same extent to trans-5- O-caffeoylshikimate. trans-4- O-(4-Coumaroyl)- d-quinate, trans-3- O-(4-coumaroyl)- d-quinate, trans-4-coumarate, and cis-5- O-(4-coumaroyl)- d-quinate do not act as substrates. The reaction is strictly dependent on molecular oxygen and on NADPH as reducing cofactor. NADH and ascorbic acid cannot substitute for NADPH. Cytochrome c, Tetcyclacis, and carbon monoxide inhibit the reaction suggesting a cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function monooxygenase. Competition experiments as well as induction and inhibition phenomena indicate that there is only one enzyme species which is responsible for the hydroxylation of the 5- O-(4-coumaric) esters of both d-quinate and shikimate. The activity of this enzyme is greatly increased by in vivo irradiation of the cells with blue/uv light. We conclude that the biosynthesis of the predominant caffeic acid conjugates in carrot cells occurs via the corresponding 4-coumaric acid esters. Thus, in this system, 5- O-(4-coumaroyl)- d-quinate can be seen as the final intermediate in the chlorogenic acid pathway.