Chlorofluorocarbons and ozone.

Abstract

Photochemistry and PhotobiologyVolume 55, Issue 6 p. 911-929 Free Access CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS AND OZONE Mack McFarland, Corresponding Author Mack McFarland DuPont Chemicals/Fluorochemicals 1007 Market Street Wilmington DE 19898, USA*To whom correspondence should be addressed.Search for more papers by this authorJack Kaye, Jack Kaye National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Space Science and Applications Earth, Science and Applications Washington, DC 20546, USASearch for more papers by this author Mack McFarland, Corresponding Author Mack McFarland DuPont Chemicals/Fluorochemicals 1007 Market Street Wilmington DE 19898, USA*To whom correspondence should be addressed.Search for more papers by this authorJack Kaye, Jack Kaye National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Space Science and Applications Earth, Science and Applications Washington, DC 20546, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb08540.xCitations: 54AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Allen, M. and M. L. Delitsky (1991a) A test of odd oxygen photochemistry using Spacelab 3 Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy observations. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 12883– 12891. Allen, M. and M. L. Delitsky (1991b) Inferring the abundances of CIO and HO2 from Spacelab 3 Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy observations. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 2913– 2919. Anderson, J. G., D. W. Toohey and W. H. Brune (1991) Free radicals within the Antarctic vortex: the role of CFCs in Antarctic ozone loss. Science 251, 39– 46. Austin, J., R.R Garcia, J. M. Russell III, S. Solomon and A. F. Tuck (1986) On the atmospheric photochemistry of nitric acid. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 5477– 5485. Brune, W. H., J. G. Anderson, D. W. Toohey, D. W. Fahey, S. R. Kawa, R. L. Jones, D. S. McKenna and L. R. Poole (1991) The potential for ozone depletion in the Arctic polar stratosphere. Science 252, 1260– 1266. Callis, L. B., D. N. Baker, J. B. Blake, J. D. Lambeth, R. E. Bougner, M. Natarajan, R. W. Klebesadcl and D. J. Gorney (1991) Precipitating relativistic electrons: their long-term effect on stratospheric odd nitrogen levels. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 2939– 2976. Callis, L. B. and M. Natarajan (1986) The Antarctic ozone minimum: relationship to odd nitrogen, odd chlorine, the final warming and the 11 year solar cycle. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 10771– 1076. Chandra, S. and R. S. Stolarski (1991) Recent trends in stratospheric total ozone: implications of dynamical and El Chichon perturbations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 2277– 2280. Clancy, R. T., D. W. Rusch, R. J. Thomas, M. Allan and R. S. Eckman (1987) Model ozone photochemistry on the basis of Solar Mesosphere Explorer mesospheric observations. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 3067– 3080. CMA (1990a) Production, Sales and Calculated Release of CFC-11 and CFC-12 Through 1989.. Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington DC . CMA (1990b) Production, Sales and Calculated Release of CFC-113, CFC-114 and CFC-115 Through 1988.. Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington DC . DeMore, W. B., S. P. Sander, D. M. Golden, M. J. Molina, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo, C. J. Howard and A. R. Ravishankara (1990) Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling—Evaluation Number 9. (JPL Publ. 90–1), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA. Farman, J. C., B. G. Gardiner and J. D. Shanklin (1985) Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOX/NOX interaction. Nature 315, 207– 210. Fisher, D. A., C. H. Hales, D. L. Filken, M. K. W. Ko, N. D. Sze, P. S. Connell, D. J. Wuebbles, I. S. A. Isaksen and F. Stordal (1990) Model calculations of the relative effects of CFCs and their replacements on stratospheric ozone. Nature 344, 508– 512. Frederick, J. E., H. E. Snell and E. K. Haywood (1989) Solar ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface. Photochem. Photobiol. 50, 443– 450. Friedl, R. R., M. Birk, E. A. Cohen and S. P. Sander (1991) Atmospheric chemistry of the higher oxides of chlorine. EOS 72, 81. Gray, L. J. and M. P. Chipperfield (1990) On the interannual variability of trace gases in the middle atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 933– 936. Hamill, P. and O. B. Toon (1990) Denitrification of the polar winter stratosphere: implications of SAM II cloud formation temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 441– 444. Hanson, D. R. and A. R. Ravishankara (1991) The reaction probabilities of CIONO2 and N2O5 in 40 to 75% sulfuric acid solutions. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 17307– 17314. Herman, J. R., R. Hudson, R. McPeters, R. Stolarski, Z. Ahmad, X.-Y. Gu, S. Taylor and C. Wellenmeyer (1991a) A new self-calibration method applied to TOMS and SBUV backscattered ultraviolet data to determine long-term global ozone changes. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 7531– 7545. Herman, J. R., R. McPeters, R. Stolarski, D. Larko and R. Hudson (1991b) Global ozone change from November 1978 to May 1990. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 17297– 17305. Hofmann, D. J., J. M. Rosen and J. W. Harden (1988) Aerosol measurements in the winter/spring Antarctic stratosphere. 1. Correlative measurements with ozone. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 665– 676. Hofmann, D. J. and S. Solomon (1989) Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 5029– 5040. Jackman, C. H., P. D. Guthrie and J. A. Kaye (1987) An intercomparison of nitrogen-containing species in Nimbus 7 LIMS and SAMS data. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 995– 1008. Jackman, C. H. and R. D. McPeters (1987) Solar proton events as test for the fidelity of middle atmosphere models. Phys. Scr. T18, 309– 316. Jager, H. and K. Wege (1990) Stratospheric ozone depletion at northern midlatitudes after major volcanic eruptions. J. Atmos. Chem. 10, 273– 290. Kaye, J. A., A. R. Douglass, C. H. Jackman, R. S. Stolarski, R. Zander and G. Roland (1991) Two-dimensional model calculation of fluorine-containing reservoir species in the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 12865– 12882. Lait, L., M. R. Schomberl and P. A. Newman (1989) Ouasi-biennial modulation of the Antarctic ozone depletion. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 11559– 11571. Lovelock, J. E. (1971) Atmospheric fluorine compounds as indicators of air movements. Nature 230, 379. Mahlman, J. D. and S. B. Fels (1986) Antarctic ozone decreases: a dynamical cause. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 1316– 1319. Mankin, W. G. and M. T. Coffey (1984) Increased stratospheric hydrogen chloride in the El Chichon cloud. Science 226, 170– 172. Manzer, L. E. (1990) The CFC-ozone issue: progress on the development of alternatives to CFCs. Science 249, 31– 35. Manzer, L. E. and V. N. M. Rao (1992) An overview of the catalytic synthesis of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) alternatives. Advances in Catalysis. Submitted. McElroy, M. B., R. J. Salawitch, S. C. Wofsy and J. A. Logan (1986) Reductions of Antarctic ozone due to synergistic interactions of chlorine and bromine. Nature 321, 759– 762. McFarland, M. (1992) Investigations of the environmental acceptability of fluorocarbon alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 807– 811. McLinden, M. O. and D. A. Didion (1987) Quest for alternatives. Ashrae J. 32– 42. Midgley, T. and A. C. Henne (1930) Organic fluorides as refrigerants. Ind. Eng. Chem. 22, 542– 545. Molina, L. T. and M. J. Molina (1987) Production of Cl2O2 from the self reaction of the CIO radical. J. Phys. Chem. 91, 433– 436. Molina, M. J. and F. S. Rowland (1974) Stratospheric sink for cluorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalyzed destruction of ozone. Nature 249, 810– 812. Natarajan, M. and L. B. Callis (1991) Stratospheric photochemical studies with Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) measurement. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 9361– 9370. NRC (1976) Halocarbons: Effects on Stratospheric Ozone.. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC . NRC (1984) Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone: Update 1983.. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington DC . Prather, M. J. and R. T. Watson (1990) Stratospheric ozone depletion and future levels of atmospheric chlorine and bromine. Nature 344, 729– 734. Public Law 101–549 (1990) Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. US Government Printing Office, Washington , DC . Rao, V. N. M. (1992) Alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons. In Organofluorine Chemistry: Principles and Commercial Applications (Edited by J. C. Tatlaw, R. E. Banks and B. E. Smart). Plenum Press, New York . Submitted. Reid, G. C., S. Solomon and R. R. Garcia (1991) Response of the middle atmosphere to the Solar Proton Events of August-December, 1989. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1019– 1022. Rood, R. B., J. A. Kaye, A. R. Douglass, D. J. Alien, S. Steenrod and E. M. Larson (1990) Wintertime nitric acid chemistry: implications from three-dimensional model calculations. J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 2966– 2709. Schnell, R. C., S. C. Liu, S. J. Oltmans, R. S. Stone, D. J. Hofmann, E. G. Dutton, T. Deshler, W. T. Sturges, J. W. Harder, S. D. Sewell, M. Trainer and J. M. Harris (1991) Decrease of summer tropospheric ozone concentrations in Antarctica. Nature 351, 726– 729. Schoeberl, M. R. and D. L. Hartmann (1991) The dynamics of the stratospheric polar vortex and its relation to springtime ozone depletions. Science 251, 46– 52. Schoeberl, M. R., M. H. Proffitt, K. K. Kelly, L. L. Lait, P. A. Newman, J. E. Rosenfield, M. Loeweastein, J. R. Podolske, J. E. Strahan and K. R. Chan (1990) Stratospheric constituent trends from ER-2 profile data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 469– 472. Slanger, T. G., L. E. Jusinski, G. Black and G. E. Gadd (1988) A new laboratory source of ozone and its potential atmospheric implications. Science 241, 945– 950. Solomon, S., R. R. Garcia, F. S. Rowland and D. J. Wuebbles (1986) On the depletion of Antarctic ozone. Nature 321, 755– 758. Solomon, S., M. Mills, L. E. Heidt, W. H. Pollock and A. F. Tuck (1992) On the evaluation of ozone depletion potentials. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 825– 842. Solomon, S., G. H. Mount, R. W. Sanders and A. L. Schmeltekopf (1987) Visible spectroscopy at McMurdo Station Antarctica. 2. Observations of OC1O. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 8329– 8338. Stephenson, J. A. E. and M. W. J. Scourfield (1991) Importance of energetic solar protons in ozone depletion. Nature 351, 137– 138. Stolarski, R. S., P. Bloomfield, R. D. McPeters and J. R. Herman (1991) Total ozone trends deduced from Nimbus-7 TOMS data. Geophys Res. Lett. 18, 1015– 1018. Stolarski, R. S. and R. J. Cicerone (1974) Stratospheric chlorine: a possible sink for ozone. Canadian J. Chem. 52, 1610– 1615. Toohey, D. W., W. H. Brune, K. R. Chen and J. G. Anderson (1991) In situ measurements of midlatitude CIO in winter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 21– 24. Toumi, R., B. J. Kerridge and J. A. Pyle (1991) Highly vibrationally excited oxygen as a potential source of ozone in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. Nature 351, 217– 219. Tuck, A. F., R. T. Watson, E. P. Condon, J. J. Margitan and O. B. Toon (1989) The planning and execution of ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft flights over Antarctica, August and September 1987. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 11181– 11222. Tung, K. K. (1986) On the relationship between the thermal structure of the stratosphere and the seasonal distribution of ozone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 1308– 1311. UNEP (1989a) Environmental Effects Panel Report.. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi . UNEP (1989b) Technology Review Panel Report.. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi . UNEP (1991a) Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.. Ozone Secretariat. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi . UNEP (1991b) Technology and Economic Assessment Panel Report.. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi . Urbach, F. (Guest Ed.) (1989) The biological effects of increased ultraviolet radiation: an update. Photochem. Photobiol. 50, 439– 524. WMO (1985) Atmospheric Ozone 1985: An Assessment of Our Understanding of the Processes Controlling Its Present Distribution and Change.. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 16. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva . WMO (1988) Report of the International Ozone Trends Panel: 1988.. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 18. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva . WMO (1989) Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1989.. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 20. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva . WMO (1991) Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone, 1991.. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 25. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva . de Zafra, R. L., M. Jaramillo, A. Parrish, P. Solomon, B. Connor and J. Barrett (1987) High chlorine monoxide at low altitudes in the Antarctic spring stratosphere: diurnal variation. Nature 328, 408– 411. Zander, R., M. R. Gunson, C. B. Farmer, C. P. Rinsland, F. W. Irion and E. Mahieu (1992) The 1985 chlorine and fluorine inventories in the stratosphere based on ATMOS observations at 30° North latitude. J. Atmos. Chem. Submitted. Zander, R., M. R. Gunson, J. C. Foster, C. P. Rinsland and J. Namkung (1990) Stratospheric C1ONO2, HCI and HF concentration profiles derived from Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy experiment Spacelab 3 observations: an update. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 20519– 20525. Zawodny, J. and M. P. McCormick (1991) Stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment. II. Measurement of the quasi-biennial oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 9371– 9377. Citing Literature Volume55, Issue6June 1992Pages 911-929 ReferencesRelatedInformation