Chlorination of parabens: reaction kinetics and transformation product identification.

Abstract

The reactivity and fate of parabens during chlorination were investigated in this work. Chlorination kinetics of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and butylparaben (BuP) were studied in the pH range of 4.0 to 11.0 at 25±1°C. Apparent rate constants (k app) of 9.65×10-3M-0.614·s-1, 1.77×10-2M-1.019·s-1, 2.98×10-2M-0.851·s-1, and 1.76×10-2M-0.860·s-1 for MeP, EtP, PrP, and BuP, respectively, were obtained at pH7.0. The rate constants depended on the solution pH, temperature, and NH4+ concentration. The maximum k app was obtained at pH8.0, and the minimum value was obtained at pH11.0. The reaction rate constants increased with increasing temperature. When NH4+ was added to the solution, the reaction of parabens was inhibited due to the rapid formation of chloramines. Two main transformation products, 3-chloro-parabens and 3,5-dichloro-parabens, were identified by GC-MS and LCMS-IT-TOF, and a reaction pathway was proposed. Dichlorinated parabens accumulated in solution, which is a threat to human health and the aqueous environment.