Chinese Spinach (Amaranthus viridis Linn.) as Natural Molluscicide Against the Hatchability of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck) Eggs

High-value ornamental fish farming is one of the most valuable industries in the recent years, and the commercial value of ornamental fish, such as fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio) is primarily dependent on their body coloration. Therefore, a trial was conducted to investigate skin colour enhancement in fancy carp by feeding different levels (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) of a dietary natural astaxanthin extracted from golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) eggs, using a diet containing synthetic astaxanthin (50 mg/kg) and a control diet with no colouring added for comparison. The duration of the trial was four weeks with experimental diets containing carotenoid followed by the low carotenoid diet for other two weeks. The chromaticity of fish body skin of red and white position was assessed using the CIE L* a* b* system. Pigmentation response of skin redness (a*) of fancy carp fed with diets at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of natural astaxanthin supplement was higher than other treatments (P < 0.05). The lightness and yellowness (L* and b* values) indexes of carp fed with diet containing astaxanthin from golden apple snail eggs were similar compared to the other dietary treatments (P > 0.05). After two weeks of feeding diet without natural carotenoid supplement demonstrated that the group fed 50 mg/kg of natural astaxanthin still retained their redness (a*) and also had an overall tendency to improve skin colouring (L* and b*). Finally, dietary concentrations 50 mg/kg of astaxanthin extracted from golden apple snail eggs showed the highest efficiency for improving skin pigmentation in fancy carp.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of supplementing golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) eggs powder (EP) in the diet as a source of natural carotenoids on survival, pigmentation and antioxidant activity of Blood parrot. A total of 90 fish were divided into three treatment groups with three replicates per treatment. Blood parrot were fed with diets containing 0 (control), 5 % (EP 5 %), and 15 % (EP 15 %) dry powder of golden apple snail egg for 60 days, and nine fish per group were sampled at 20, 40, and 60 days. No differences in survival of the fish among treatments were found throughout the experiment. The body coloration of Blood parrot was enhanced in the skin and caudal fin with increasing content of golden apple snail egg powder in the diet. At the end of the experiment, the carotenoid content in the caudal fin and the number of scale chromatophores of the fish fed dietary with EP were higher (P < 0.05) than those of the control group. The EP 15 % treated fishes showed a significant higher (P < 0.05) in the activities of SOD after 60 days, but we could not observe significant changes (P > 0.05) in CAT activities. Results demonstrated that golden apple snail eggs can be used as a colorant to promote the pigmentation efficacy of Blood parrot.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3051-2.].

Morphometric techniques have been increasingly employed to detect body shifts and variations within biological communities as indicators of environmental stress. This study investigates shell shape variation of the Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) using geometric morphometric (GM) analysis to assess the presence, spatial distribution, and sex-based differences in shape variation in the second largest lake in (Mainit) in Mindanao, Philippines. One hundred eighty adult shells of uniform size were collected from three selected areas within the lake. Sampling was stratified by site, with 60 individuals collected from each location, ensuring an equal representation of males and females (n = 30 per sex per site). Using Relative Warp Analysis (RWA) to discriminate the shell shapes, the anatomical landmark points were employed in the Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Principal Component Analysis, and Canonical Variate Analysis. The highest levels of fluctuating asymmetry were observed in the northern portion of the lake, particularly in the abapertural (55.76%) and apertural (56.89%) shell regions, followed by the southern portion and the middle part, respectively. MANOVA and RWA confirmed significant morphological variation across sites and sexes, suggesting that environmental factors strongly influence shell development in different lake regions. Findings revealed a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in shell shape across the sampling sites and between the sexes. Additionally, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r = −0.3156) and found that the water did not affect on the shell shape of the gastropods. Thus, the results showed that P. canaliculata shell shape varies in size and shape and indicates distinguishable morphology across varying ecological locations.

Abstract. Pertiwi MP, Saputri DD. 2020. Golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) as an alternative protein source in Pasupati catfish (Pangasius sp.) fish feed. Nusantara Bioscience 12: 162-167. Research on efforts to conserve golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) meat has been done. This research aimed to utilize the snail meat as an alternative feed for the Pasupati catfish (Pangasius sp.). The research was carried out from May to August 2020. It began by collecting Pomacea canaliculata by hand sorting then processed into artificial feed/pellets. The research was CRD designed with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Pasupati catfish juvenil measuring 7.4 ± 0.8 cm and weighing 11.7 ± 0.5 g, was maintained for 21 days with a stocking density of 15 individuals/aquarium. Feeding as much as 8% of the biomass with a frequency of feeding 3 times a day at satiation. Variables measured were SGR, L, RP, FCR, and SR. The results showed that feed B produced the best fish growth and could be an alternative fish feed without having a negative effect on growth and feed utilization. Feed B (90% fish meal + 10% Pomacea canaliculata meat meal) had the highest SGR value and was supported by a high PR value and a low FCR value. In addition, there is a difference among variables, despite least significant. ANOVA test also supports the differences between treatments, but HSD test (p&lt;0,05) is not significantly different. This means that the addition of the percentage of P. canaliculata meat meal to the feed does not provide a good performance of the Pasupati catfish. Value of abiotic parameters was ​​to support fish farming.

Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) secretion has traditionally been used for wound healing due to its high protein content, which promotes cell regeneration and inhibits inflammation. This study aims to utilize this secretion to formulate a topical gel for burn treatment, providing a controlled use for the abundant, invasive species in agricultural areas. Gel formulations with varying secretion concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%) were evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, and viscosity. Results indicated that all formulations were homogeneous and had pH values within the acceptable range (4.5-6.5). The 15% secretion gel showed the highest user acceptance and optimal balance between spreadability and adhesion, but all formulations had higher than standard viscosity and lower spreadability. Adjusting carbopol concentration is recommended to improve the gel's physical properties. The 15% formulation is the most promising for effective topical application.

BackgroundThe golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is a freshwater snail listed among the top 100 worst invasive species worldwide and a noted agricultural and quarantine pest that causes great economic losses. It is characterized by fast growth, strong stress tolerance, a high reproduction rate, and adaptation to a broad range of environments.ResultsHere, we used long-read sequencing to produce a 440-Mb high-quality, chromosome-level assembly of the P. canaliculata genome. In total, 50 Mb (11.4%) repeat sequences and 21,533 gene models were identified in the genome. The major findings of this study include the recent explosion of DNA/hAT-Charlie transposable elements, the expansion of the P450 gene family, and the constitution of the cellular homeostasis system, which contributes to ecological plasticity in stress adaptation. In addition, the high transcriptional levels of perivitelline genes in the ovary and albumen gland promote the function of nutrient supply and defense ability in eggs. Furthermore, the gut metagenome also contains diverse genes for food digestion and xenobiotic degradation.ConclusionsThese findings collectively provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of the ecological plasticity and high invasiveness.

A high-performance liquid chromatography-based method was developed for the analysis of free sphingoid bases endogenous to the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata). Four molecular species of free endogenous sphingoid bases were observed in the snail and identified as C14 and C16 sphingosine (SPH), C14 dihydrosphingosine, and C16 sphingadienes with Δ-4,6 conjugated double bonds (Δ-4,6-C16 sphingadienes). When free endogenous sphingoid bases were evaluated at different stages of development of P. canaliculata, it was found that all four sphingoid bases decreased significantly from a young age to adulthood. We also found that the amount of C14 SPH decreased significantly in the food-restricted snails compared to animals with an adequate food supply, suggesting that nutrient deprivation decreases the levels of the sphingoid base. Taken together, these results suggest that sphingoid bases may play roles in the development of the golden apple snail and its stress response to nutrient limitation.

This study evaluates the molluscicidal and piscicidal effects of madre-de-cacao (Gliricidia sepium) extracts against the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) and rice eel (Monopterus albus). To acquire the bioactive components, the madre de cacao (G. sepium) extract was made using water extraction. A range-finding test was performed to identify the final dose used against the golden apple snail and rice eel. After 48 hours, T4 caused 97% mortality in golden apple snails (P. canaliculata) and 100% mortality in rice eels, indicating the extract's effectiveness. Probit analysis showed LD₅₀ values of 51.748ml/ L for golden apple snails and 53.099ml/ L for rice eels (M. albus), respectively. The toxicity of different concentrations against the golden apple snail (P. canaliculata) and rice eel (M. albus) was dose-dependent. The study shows that madre de cacao (G. sepium) extracts have potential molluscicides and piscicides, which can be an alternative to expensive, available imported chemicals for the eradication of unwanted fish species present in ponds.

Laboratory feeding observations confirm that the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck, 1822) is a voracious predator of phylactolaemate bryozoans. An invasive species in Southeast Asia since the early 1980s, the snail now occupies most freshwater ponds, lakes, and rivers throughout the region. Despite the absence of baseline data, it appears that the snail has had a profound effect on the freshwater bryozoan community, including both tubular and globular colonies. The common gymnolaemate, Hislopia, is less affected. From repeated feeding trials it appears that indigenous apple snails (Pila spp.) do not graze on bryozoans; nor does the large indigenous Cipangopaludina chinensis.

Badriah EL, Suranto, Purwoko T. 2008. Processing soy sauce from golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) by koji fermentation and addition of pineapple extract (Ananas comosus). Biofarmasi 6: 1-7. Pomacea canaliculata had high protein content. Pomacea canaliculata could be used as a raw material in the production of soy sauce. Soy sauce is a liquid product made by fermentation or enzymatic. The addition of enzyme in the production of soy sauce can shorten the moromi fermentation process and increase nutrition improve. Bromelain was one of enzyme used in the production of soy sauce. This enzyme can be found in pineapple. The aims of the research were to determine the nutrition value of Pomacea soy sauce including carbohydrate, proteins and lipids contents and to determine the optimal pineapple extract rate in the production of Pomacea soy sauce by koji fermentation. The research was conducted through two phases, which were koji fermentation and continued hydrolysis by using the pineapple extract concentration variation [3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 (koji: pineapple extract)]. Pomacea canaliculata was fermented with Aspergillus oryzae for 7 days until producing koji. Koji was soaked in a salt solution of 20% (1:4, b/v) and added pineapple extract with concentration variation of (3:1, 3:2 and 3:3) for 3 days until it produced moromi. Moromi filtrate with extract pineapple variation (3:1, 3:2 and 3:3) was analyzed for the value of carbohydrate (sugar and starch), protein and lipids. Moromi filtrate was added by the spices and would produce Pomacea sauce. Finally, Pomacea sauce was tested preferably including the flavor, aroma, and color. Preferable test was analyzed by non-parametric statistic with Friedman Test and followed with Wilcoxon Ranking Method. The results of research showed that the value of sugar reduction on Pomace canaliculata sauce with pineapple extract variation of 3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 were 94.0849 mg/g, 132.5846 mg/g and 172.7485 mg/g, respectively. The starch value of Pomacea sauce with pineapple extract variation of 3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 were 35.8643 mg/g, 48.7123 mg/g and 52.5068 mg/g, respectively. The value of proteins content which dissolved on Pomacea sauce with pineapple extract variation of 3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 were 1230.196 mg/g, 1365.891 mg/g and 1475.016 mg/g, respectively. The value of lipids on Pomacea sauce with pineapple extract variation of 3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 were 4.1333 mg/g, 6.9333 mg/g and 7.1333 mg/g, respectively. The data preferable test, aroma and color on Pomacea sauce with pineapple extract variation of 3:3 were preferred than pineapple extract variation of 3:1 and 3:2. If the comparison with commercial sauce, Pomacea sauce was still less be taken a fancy to taste, flavor, and color.

The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck) is one of the main pests of rice (Oryza sativa Linnaeus) that can be controlled by integrated pest management (IPM). This research aimed to compare the population and the attack rate of golden apple snails and rice production using IPM and non-IPM. This research was conducted from April to August 2021 in Nagari Koto Tuo Sijunjung Regency, West Sumatera. It used an experimental design that compares IPM and non-IPM treatments and analyzed with a t-test. The control techniques in the IPM were making trenches and maintaining the water level very low, using filters on water inlets and outlets, using ripe Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamark skin as bait, using botanical pesticides from Nothopanax scutellarium Merr leaves, and planting 21-day-old seedlings. The parameters observed were the attacked clumps (%), attacked tillers (%), golden apple snail population (individuals/m2), and rice production (kg/m2). The result showed that the percentage of rice clumps attacked in the IPM treatment was 11.33%, while the non-IPM treatment was 54.66%. The percentage of rice tillers attacked in the IPM treatment was 11.28%, while the non-IPM treatment was 32.51%. The population of golden apple snails in the IPM treatment was 0.19 individuals/m2, while in the non-IPM treatment was 2.04 individuals/m2. The production of rice plants under IPM treatment was 2,69 kg/m2, while the non-IPM treatment was 0,71 kg/m2. The implementation of IPM by combining various techniques effectively controlled golden apple snail attacks on clumps and tillers, and increased rice production compared to non-IPM.

The effect of naturally found densities of the exotic and herbivorous golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) on three dominant aquatic plants – duckweed (Lemna minor), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and morning glory (Ipomoea aquatica) – was assessed in a wetland survey and quantified in a field experiment in Laos in southeast Asia. Snail grazing reduced plant biomass, but plant species were differently affected by grazing. Duckweed had almost disappeared after 6 and water hyacinth after 21 days, whereas morning glory remained at 80% of initial biomass after 32 days. Snail growth was lowest on morning glory and, when all plant species were simultaneously presented to snails, this plant was not preferred. We suggest that the negative effect the golden apple snail had on the growth of these plant species in field enclosures is present in the natural environment as well. This new and intense herbivory could have serious negative effects on invaded freshwater ecosystems in this region.

The Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) threatens rice production, necessitating eco-friendly molluscicidal alternatives.This study evaluated the molluscicidal effects of Jatropha curcas and Sandoricum koetjape seed extracts through in vitro bioassays and in silico molecular docking.In vitro results showed J. curcas had higher efficacy, with 76.67% mortality after 24 hours compared to S. koetjape at 46.67%.One-way ANOVA confirmed significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).Molecular docking revealed strong interactions with acetylcholinesterase (PDB ID: 1ACJ), with J. curcas compounds Vitexin (-8.2 kcal/mol) and Stigmasterol (-7.8 kcal/mol) showing notable binding, while S. koetjape compounds Quercetin (-9.8 kcal/mol) and Luteolin (-10.1 kcal/mol) exhibited even stronger affinities.These findings highlight J. curcas as a potent molluscicide and S. koetjape as a promising enzyme inhibitor, supporting their potential use in sustainable pest management.

This review offers a overview of the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) as a potential raw material for aquaculture feed. The taxonomy, anatomy, habitat, life cycle, nutritional composition, and utilization prospects of this freshwater snail species are discussed. The golden apple snail's features, including its conical shell, distinct coloration, and unique respiratory system comprising gills and a lung, contribute to its adaptability and mobility in diverse environments. Its life cycle encompasses egg deposition, hatching, and subsequent growth stages, with reproductive maturity and lifespan influenced by environmental factors. With its significant calcium content and variable protein levels, the golden apple snail holds nutritional value. Consequently, it has gained attention as a promising ingredient for aquaculture feed due to its protein-rich meat