Abstract
Abstract The practice of establishing foreign affairs organizations in China started in the pre-Qin Dynasty, when the concepts of ‘differentiating the Chinese from the alien’ and ‘using the Chinese to reform the alien’ were being formulated. After the unification of the small kingdoms into a giant Chinese empire in the Qin Dynasty, special establishments were set up to receive foreign visitors and take charge of foreign affairs, and this tradition continued from the Han Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty. To maintain the relations and promote communication with foreign countries, the Ming Dynasty government founded the Foreign Affairs Establishment affiliated to the Hanlin Academy (翰林院), which was in 1644 transformed into the Foreign Studies School (四译馆).
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