Abstract
Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have a poor prognosis. Although the natural history of metastatic RCC can be highly variable, most of patients die within 1 year of diagnosis and the 5-year survival is less than 5%.1 The treatment of metastatic RCC has remained a challenge for oncologists. Although immunotherapy with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon (IFN) can achieve low, but reproducible, response rates of 10% to 20% in advanced RCC,2 and antiangiogenic agents such as sunitinib and sorafenib improve progression free survival, and mTOR inhibitors such as temsirolimus improve survival in selected patients. RCC has been considered highly resistant to chemotherapy and hormonal therapy.3 This chapter reviews chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and combined therapies in metastatic RCC.
Published Version
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