Chemoreception and chemotaxis of a three-sphere swimmer

Abstract

The coupled problem of hydrodynamics and solute transport for the Najafi–Golestanian three-sphere swimmer is studied, with the Reynolds number set to zero and Péclet numbers (Pe) ranging from 0.06 to 60. The adopted method is the numerical simulation of the problem with a finite element code based upon the FEniCS library.For the swimmer executing the optimal locomotion gait, we report the Sherwood number as a function of Pe in homogeneous fluids and show that it is quite consistent with that corresponding to the well-known spherical squirmer model. It is also confirmed that little gain in solute flux is achieved by swimming, unless Pe is significantly larger than 10.We also consider the swimmer as a learning agent moving inside a fluid that has a concentration gradient. The outcomes of Q-learning processes show that learning locomotion (with the displacement as reward) is significantly easier than learning chemotaxis (with the increase of solute flux as reward). The chemotaxis learning problem, even at low Pe, has a varying environment that renders learning more difficult. Further, the learning difficulty increases severely with the Péclet number. The results demonstrate the challenges that natural and artificial swimmers need to overcome to migrate efficiently when exposed to chemical inhomogeneities.