Abstract
4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal (C9H16O2), also known as 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal (C9H16O2; HNE) is an α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal. HNE is a major aldehyde, formed in the peroxidation process of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-6 PUFAs), such as linoleic and arachidonic acid. HNE is not only harmful but also beneficial. In the 1980s, the HNE was regarded as a “toxic product of lipid peroxidation” and the “second toxic messenger of free radicals”. However, already at the beginning of the 21st century, HNE was perceived as a reliable marker of oxidative stress, growth modulating factor and signaling molecule. Many literature data also indicate that an elevated level of HNE in blood plasma and cells of the animal and human body is observed in the course of many diseases, including cancer. On the other hand, it is currently proven that cancer cells divert to apoptosis if they are exposed to supraphysiological levels of HNE in the cancer microenvironment. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge about the biological properties of HNE.
Highlights
Was perceived as a reliable marker of oxidative stress, growth of the 21st century, HNE was perceived as a reliable marker of oxidative stress, growth modulating modulating and molecule
Given the ability of the carbonyl group to react with alcohols and thiols, the products of which are hemi- and thiohemiacetals, it is only a matter of respectively to conduct an experiment showing that LPO-derived aldehydes, including HNEs, form adducts with proteins forming hemi- and thiohemiacetals with serine (Ser), tyrosine (Tyr), threonine (Thr) and Cys, respectively residues present in the polypeptide chain
Already at the beginning of the 21st century, HNE was perceived as a reliable marker of oxidative stress, growth modulating factor and signaling molecule
Summary
The interest inin aldehydes asas secondary products ofof lipid peroxidation began with the. The cis-aldehydes are not stable, they are cyclized this compound. The research aldehydes conducted several decades agoEsterbauer by Esterbauer and. The research onon aldehydes conducted several decades ago by and his col-his colleagues led researchers to conclude that malondialdehyde appeared tomost be the leagues led researchers to conclude that malondialdehyde (MDA)(MDA). For many years these reactive aldehydes defined as the “thiobarbituric acid. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 145 reactive substances” (TBARS) were considered mostly as toxic end-products of oxidative degradation of lipids, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; LH). A review of the current publications has shown that HNE is still referred to as a toxic molecule, but studies increasingly show the positive aspects of its biological activity. We briefly summarize the current knowledge about the biological properties of HNE
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