Chemically modified electrodes for electrochemical detection of dopamine in the presence of uric acid and ascorbic acid: A review

Abstract

Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter and its abnormal concentrations are associated with different diseases. Electrochemical detection of DA in real samples is challenging because of the presence of high concentrations of electroactive interferents such as uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). Chemically modified electrodes have been widely used to counter the problems of poor sensitivity and selectivity faced at bare electrodes. We have briefly reviewed the materials that have been extensively used to fabricate modified electrode surfaces for detection of DA. The characteristics of the materials that improve the electrocatalytic activity of the modified surfaces are discussed. The boundary of search was limited to the electrochemical methods dealing with the simultaneous detection of DA, UA, and AA levels or detection of only DA in the presence of UA and AA. Challenges associated with the quantitative determination of dopamine in real samples are critically reviewed and the possible solutions are described.