Abstract
The present study is intended to carry out the chemical standardization and evaluation of the anti-proliferative activity of A. elliptica fruit extract. A. elliptica fruit powder was extracted with ethanol. The obtained extract was assessed for total phenolic content using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Moreover, a simple, accurate, and precise reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated to determine the embelin content of A. elliptica fruit extract. Then, the extract and embelin were investigated for their anti-proliferative effect against HCT-116 cells. Finally, the mechanisms of inhibition of the extract and embelin on the mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes Bad, Bax, and Caspase-8 and anti-apoptotic genes c-IAP1, Mcl-1, and XIAP were determined by real-time qRT-PCR. The phenolic content and embelin content of the extract were 5.20 ± 0.01 g of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of dried fruit (g% GAE) and 5.57 ± 0.56 mg/g of extract, respectively. The extract and embelin showed strong anti-proliferative effects on HCT-116 cells with 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 19.16 ± 1.09 µg/mL and 25.93 ± 1.75 µg/mL, respectively. The A. elliptica extract exhibited a significant increase in the mRNA level of Bad, Bax, and Caspase-8 and a significant decrease in c-IAP1, Mcl-1, and XIAP. Embelin showed a significant decrease in Mcl-1 and XIAP.
Highlights
Colon cancer, known as bowel cancer and colorectal cancer, is uncontrolled cell growth in the colon or rectum [1]
There were chromatographic bands that corresponded to gallic acid and embelin at retardation factor (Rf) values of 0.46 and 0.62 in solvent system 1 and 0.26 and 0.46 in solvent system 2, respectively
There were chromatographic bands at Rf values of 0.68 and 0.52 in solvent system 1 and 2, respectively that appeared as yellow fluorescence bands after spraying with natural product/polyethylene glycol (NP/PEG) spray reagent and detected under UV 366 nm and chromatographic bands at Rf values of 0.63 and 0.42 in solvent system 1 and 2, respectively that appeared as orange fluorescence bands after spraying with NP/PEG spray reagent and detected under UV 366 nm
Summary
Known as bowel cancer and colorectal cancer, is uncontrolled cell growth in the colon or rectum [1]. Colon cancer is the fourth most common cause of death in industrialized countries and the third most common cancer around the world [2]. Even though there are enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies available, the morbidity and mortality of colon cancer is still substantial [3]. The limits of cancer screening and a poor prognosis in the advanced stages of colon cancer have caused a great deal of interest in exploring antitumor agents. Due to the reduced toxicity and cost effectiveness, herbal medicine has gradually attracted more consideration as an alternative cancer therapy [4]. There are many phytochemicals that have been identified for their modulating effects on these molecular targets including genistin, resveratrol, allicin, lycopene, capsaicin, curcumin, 6-gingerol, ellagic acid, catechins, cruciferous, ursolic acid, and eugenol [5,6,7,8]
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