Abstract
Eutrophication poses the most serious threat to the long-term health and function of estuarine environments around the world. Coastal lagoons and shallow estuaries with protracted water residence times, low flushing rates, and high human development in coastal watersheds are most susceptible. Nutrient and organic carbon enrichment is increasing in these coastal water bodies because of escalating population growth in bordering land areas. Biotic responses to this enrichment often have devastating consequences manifested by an array of adverse effects, such as hypoxia and anoxia, harmful algal blooms, elevated epiphytic growth, loss of essential habitat (e.g., seagrass and shellfish beds), reduced biodiversity, declining harvestable fisheries, imbalanced trophic food webs, and diminished ecosystem services and resilience. Case studies are provided for estuarine and coastal marine systems in the US, Denmark, the Netherlands, China, Australia, and Africa.
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