Chemical composition of the leaf oil of Peperomia hernandiifolia (Piperaceae) from Costa Rica

Introduction: Ginger is a medicinal plant native to India. Has been reported their potential use in cosmetics, medicines and natural products, however depending on crop conditions the medicinal components of the different parts of the plant not only changes in concentration but in its composition, this modifies its medicinal action. The aim of this study was to characterize by physicochemical methods the chemical composition of essential oil obtained from rhizomes of Zingiber officinale grown in the area of San Carlos, Costa Rica in order to standardize future hydroponic cultivations of the plant and validate their subsequent pharmacological or cosmetic effects. Materials and methods: the rhizomes of the plant were used, the active principles were extracted by ethanolic extraction with Soxleth and distillation by entrainment with vapor, analysis was performed by using a qualitative phytochemical profile for the ethanolic extract, and the composition of the essential oil was studied by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). Results and Conclusions. The presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and triterpenes in the ethanolic extract was qualitatively determined. In characterizing the essential oil by GC-MS were identified as lead compounds the geranialdehyde (27.42%), neral (20.11%), 1.8-cineole (13.35%), camphene (4.65%) and E-geraniol (3.92%). The composition obtained was compared with the composition reported in the literature, obtaining a clear difference with those reported in other studies, allowing predicting an antimicrobial behavior unlike most traditional essential oils of the rhizomes.

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Os oleos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestilacao das folhas e caules de Peperomia pellucida coletadas de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no estado da Bahia, Brasil, foram analisados utilizando cromatografia gasosa e cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa. Independentemente da parte da planta, sesquiterpenos foram a classe de compostos mais abundantes nos oleos, seguido de fenilpropanoides. Os principais constituintes do oleo das folhas foram ? -gurjuneno (11,34%), 1,10-di- epi -cubenol (11,27%), ( E )-cariofileno (8,71%) e dillapiole (8,50%), enquanto que carotol (9,77%), dillapiole (9,18%), trans - ? -guaieno (9,05%) e ( E )-cariofileno (8,53%) foram os principais constituintes do oleo de caule. A atividade dos oleos contra Tetranychus urticae foi avaliada por 24 h. O oleo do caule (LC 50 = 1 x 10 -2 µL/L of air) foi quatro vezes mais toxico do que o oleo de folha (LC 50 = 4 x 10 -2 µL/L of air), mas 2,5 vezes menos ativo do que o eugenol, o qual foi utilizado como o controle positivo .

The leaf essential oils of three species of Lantana from Monteverde, Costa Rica (L. camara, L. velutina, and L. hirta) were obtained by hydrodistillation and the chemical compositions determined by GC-MS analysis. The principal components of L. velutina were limonene (21.4%), (E)-caryophyllene (23.4%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.2%). The leaf oil composition of L. hirta was relatively simple, containing mostly 1-octen-3-ol (64.6%), germacrene D (24.5%), and (E)-caryophyllene (10.9%). Two different samples of L. camara, however, yielded vastly different leaf oil compositions; one was dominated by sesquiterpenes, (E)-caryophyllene (30.3%), gamma-muurolene (27.2%), bicyclogermacrene (24.4%) and beta-elemene (14.2%); the second sample, on the other hand, was composed largely of fatty acid-derivatives, (Z)-3-hexenol and 1-octen-3-ol. The very different compositions for L. camara are consistent with the wide diversity of chemical compositions observed in previous reports for this species.

The European Union (EU) has recently implemented annual surveys in its member States, in order to prevent further introductions of the harmful organism Xylella fastidiosa, within its territory, upon an outbreak in southern Italy where this quarantine pathogen has been identified as the putative agent of the Olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS), (Boscia, 2014; EFSA, 2015). X. fastidiosa affects several economically important plants reported mainly from the Americas, including grapevine, stone fruits, coffee and citrus and is the causal agent of leaf scorch disease of many ornamentals, shade and forest trees. X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca has also been associated in Costa Rica with a coffee disease known as “crespera”, characterized by irregular leaf growth, atypical curling of the leaf margins, reduced leaf size, shortening of the internodes and severe chlorotic mosaic of the leaves (Montero-Astua et al., 2008). X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca and X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa were recently intercepted and diagnosed in imported Coffea arabica plants from Equador and C. canephora from Mexico. These plant consignements have been destroyed (EPPO, 2012; Legendre et al., 2014). X. fastidiosa was presumptively diagnosed during a survey performed on ornamental C. arabica plants imported from Costa Rica and Honduras into the Netherlands in the autumn of 2014, as part of the recent EU implementing decision (Commission Implementing Decision 2014/87/EU). These plants showed either mild leaf scorch symptoms, or a range of “crespera”- like symptoms, or no symptoms. This presumptive diagnosis of X. fastidiosa was in agreement with EPPO’s (2004) recommendations and was carried out with molecular and serological methods. Total genomic DNA was extracted from leaf veins and petioles of symptomatic and latently infected C. arabica plants with the QuickPic SML plant DNA kit (Bio-Nobile, Finland), using a KingFisher isolation robot (Thermo Scientific, The Netherlands). Real-time PCR on purified genomic DNA using Premix ExTaq (TaKaRa, France) gave positive reactions using the X. fastidiosa gene-specific primers targeted to 16S rRNA-processing gene rimM (Harper et al., 2010, erratum 2013). Conventional PCR using GoTaq polymerase (Promega, The Netherlands) and primer set RST 31/RST 33 (Minsavage et al., 1994) confirmed the presumptive presence of X. fastidiosa in these samples. Sequence analysis of the ca. 700 bp amplicon of the RNA polymerase sigma 70 factor showed 96 to 100% identity with the comparable genomic regions of X. fastidiosa strain sequences from GenBank, which indicated the presence of X. fastidiosa DNA in the plant extract. Remarkably, three different sequences with 97-98% identity among each other (GenBank accession Nos. KP769842-KP769844) were recovered from imported C. arabica plants. Two of these sequences were related to C. arabica plants imported from Costa Rica, whereas the third sequence was only present in plants imported from Honduras. Extracts from leaf veins and petioles were exposed to indirect immunofluorescence (IF), using a commercially available antiserum (Loewe 07319, Germany). IF ascertained the presence of X. fastidiosa, thus confirming the molecular tests. Final diagnosis, based on the recovery of the C. arabica infecting isolate(s) of X. fastidiosa in axenic culture, for evaluation of its pathogenicity and subspecies identification is currently in progress.

Over 170 of the 200–400 known species of Artemisia are found in China, where they have a long history of use in Chinese herbal medicine as antineoplastic, antipyretic, and analgesic [1, 2] drugs. Previous studies have reported that the compound artemisinin from Artemisia carvifolia, an annual herb that grows at low altitudes [3], exhibits antimalarial effects, while the essential oil of Artemisia carvifolia exhibits antimicrobial, antifebrile, and antitussive effects [4, 5]. The goals of this study were to analyze the chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity of the leaf essential oil of Artemisia carvifolia from Qinghai Province in China. In this study, the following strains were tested: Micrococcus luteus [CMCC(B) 28001], Escherichia coli [CMCC(B) 44102], Staphylococcus aureus [CMCC(B) 26003], Streptococcus hemolyticus[CMCC(B) 32210], Bacillus subtilis [CMCC(B) 63501], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [CMCC(B) 10104], Salmonella paratyphy B [CMCC(B) 50094], Candida albicans [CMCC(F) 98001], and Aspergillus niger [CMCC(F) 98003]. Identification of leaf oil components of Artemisia carvifolia using GC-MS was done based on their retention indices and by comparison of their mass spectral fragmentation patterns with spectra reported in the literature [6–10] and stored in the MS library (NIST 08). The chemical composition of Artemisia carvifolia leaf oil is summarized in Table 1. The filter paper agar diffusion method was used to measure the diameter of the inhibition zone of Artemisia carvifolia leaf oil recovered from Xining samples. The results (Table 2) indicated that the essential oil of Artemisia carvifolia had no inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, or Aspergillus niger, although different degrees of inhibitory effect were observed for the other strains. The strength of the antibacterial activity against different microorganisms was, in decreasing order: Micrococcus luteus > Salmonella paratyphy B > Streptococcus hemolyticus> Staphylococcus aureus > Bacillus subtilis > Escherichia coli.

Essential oils from the leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia conchigera Griff. dried for different times (0 (fresh), 1, 2, 3 and 7 days of drying, respectively) were isolated using hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of oils was analyzed by using GC and GC-MS. The identified components constituted 95.06, 94.51, 94.64 and 91.60% of the leaf oil and 47.71, 64.19, 49.96, 94.47 and 91.56% of the rhizome oil of fresh, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days drying samples, respectively. Thirty four components were identified, among which 31 had not been detected previously. The major constituents in fresh, one, two and three days dried leaves were cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl), while for leaves dried for seven days were 1, 6, 10-dodecatriene, 7 and 11-dimethyl-3-methylene. β-pinene was the major component for fresh and two days dried rhizomes, while 1-methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl) was the major constituent for one, three and seven days dried rhizomes. The post-harvest drying period had a positive effect on the oil yield of both leaf and rhizome. The highest oil yield was obtained from leaves dried for 7 days (0.300 v/w) and rhizomes dried for 3 days (0.162 v/w). This study suggests that the yield and content ofessential oils from the leaves and rhizomes of A. conchigera could be increased by drying leaves and rhizomes for 3 and 7 days, respectively. Key words: Alpinia conchigera Griff., essential oil, GC-MS, post-harvest drying, Zingiberaceae.

Eugenia brasiliensis L. is a species of flowering plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. It has a worldwide, although highly uneven distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. The fruit, which is consumed as food and beverages, provides a good source of vitamins and minerals, while the leaves and stems have many medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oils of leaves collected from summer and winter; different parts of E. brasiliensis (flowers, leaves, stems, and green fruit), and fruits of four ripen stages (green, yellow, red, and purple). The results were used to determine the optimum harvesting time for the different parts of E. brasiliensis in order to obtain the highest oil yield. It was found that the extraction rate of summer leaves and winter leaves were 8.9 mg and 22 mg of oil from 100 g of leaves, respectively. In the different parts of plants (flowers, leaves, stems and green fruit) were 11.0 mg, 91.7 mg, 7.5 mg and 73.6 mg of oil from 100 g of flowers, leaves, stems and green fruit, respectively. Finally, fruits at green, yellow, red and purple color stages were 60.9 mg, 36.4 mg, 16.5 mg and 4.3 mg of oil per 100 g of fruits, respectively. The major components of the essential oils extracted from summer and winter leaves were spathulenol, τ-cadina, and α-cadinol. The leaves oils from both seasons had dry, woody, fresh, sweet, floral-citrusy and spicy odor. Major components of the essential oil extracted from different parts of the plant were spathulenol, τ-cadina, and α-cadinol, except fruit. Oils from flower, leaves, and stem had dry, woody, resinous-piney, resinous, pine and spicy odor. Major components of essential oils extracted from fruits at different ripen stages were limonene and phenol. Nonadecane was found from fruits in green, red, and purple color stages, but it was not found in fruits at yellow color stage. Oils from fruits at their different ripen stages had fresh, sweet, and sweet cherry-like flavor. It was found that the best season for harvesting and acquiring the highest quantity and quality of compound of essential oil was winter. Moreover, essential oil extracted from leaves was found to have the highest yield. In brief, it was shown that the chemical composition of the essential oils vary from different parts of plant and the season of collection. Although most of these compounds are well documented as essential oil components in various plant species, to our knowledge, this is the first report of their presence in the essential oil of Eugenia brasiliensis L. in Taiwan. Moreover, several factors can affect the chamical composition and yield of the essential oil. In some instances it is difficult to segregate these factors from each other, since many are interdependent. These variables may include seasonal and maturity variation, geographical origin, genetic variation, growth stages, and parts of plant.

The leaf essential oil of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), from Monteverde, Costa Rica, was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 21 compounds were identified in the leaf oil accounting for 97% of the total composition. The most abundant components of the leaf oil of P. guajava wer e ( 2 E)-hexenal (28.4%), benzaldehyde (8.2%), 1,8-cineole (15.9%), globulol (10.3%), and nerolidol (6.9%). A cluster Analysis comparison with previously published leaf oil compositions of P. guajava revealed at least four chemotypes: a benzaldehyde chemotype, a cineole chemotype, a limonene chemotype, and a monoterpene-poor chemotype.

This project arose because of the desire by the resident Ateles research observers, at Santa Rosa, to attempt to ascertain a function for what they deemed ‘uncharacteristic’ behaviours. The following were important considerations meriting further investigation.o\tPhoradendron (mistletoe) consumption by Ateles spp. appeared to be present only at Santa Rosao\tMistletoe selection was considered deliberate, as mature host leaf (which was available) was not selectedo\tMore than one mistletoe was available in the normal home range of the monkey, but selection was dominated by one mistletoe/host combinationo\tConsumption was of relatively small volumeso\tThere was an apparent seasonality to the use of mistletoeo\tConsumption of mature, mistletoe leaf occurred at times when there was no shortage of suitable fruito\tLimitations of the Ateles spp. digestive system made exploitation of mature leaf potentially problematico\tThe monkeys were also seen consuming geophageous material; on occasion, this closely followed mistletoe consumptiono\tThere were no published reports of Ateles spp. geophagy in Central America and/or tropical dry forest habitatThe aim of the subsequent investigation was to determine if there was any beneficial function that could be attributed to the materials and so provide a link to a self-mediation hypothesis for mistletoe and/or geophagy or to relate the determined geophagy properties to the other published functional hypotheses for geophagy.The novel aspect of this project was the development of a specific ‘gastric model’ reflecting the differences between Ateles and human digestive systems. This modified model was used to investigate geophagic and Phoradendron samples. It was hoped that this approach would lead to the identification or constituents in the samples, which may have physiological significance.Samples of the two species of mistletoe identified were collected from three Phoradendron/host tree combinations. Samples were extracted using the simulated gastric conditions and the extracts analysed. Analytical ‘fingerprints’ of the gastric extracts of the two species were obtained together with the antimicrobial activities of the extracts.Species variation in Phoradendron constituents and antimicrobial activity was detected. The principal difference between the eaten and non-eaten Phoradendron species was identified using HPLC and LC-MS, as chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid has antibacterial and antioxidant properties, stimulates the immune system and has activities related to regulation of blood sugar levels. Phoradendron consumption wass during the wet season, which may be a period of increased bacterial and parasite infection. It also coincides with a change in dietary fruits.The geophagic samples were taken from sites previously used by Ateles, together with ‘control’ sites found in the home range of the study group. Analysis of the physical properties and characteristics was undertaken to attempt to identify the mineral content material. Further analyses then investigated the behaviour of the material in relation to the commonly accepted hypotheses for geophagy. Where possible these were investigated using the simulated gastric conditions.The physical characteristics of the samples did not resemble the previously published reports for geophagic material used by humans or non- human primates. The results failed to detect the presence of montmorillonite and only a suggestion of the presence of kaolinite. The results do not suggest that it functions as an antacid, an anti-diarrhoeal or mineral supplement.An increase in antibacterial activity was seen when geophagic material and Phoradendron samples were incubated together. A putative hypothesis for the mechanism of Fe limitation was suggested by the physical properties of the geophagic material and the Fe chelating potential of the chemical constituents of the Phoradendron leaf.

The chemical composition of five leaf oil samples and eighteen berry oil samples from Corsican Juniperus macrocarpa have been investigated by GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR. The composition of berry oils was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons with α-pinene (56.4-78.9%) as main component followed by myrcene (2.2-11.9%). Germacrene D (4.5-103%) was the major sesquiterpene. The contents of the main components of leaf oils varied drastically from sample to sample: α-pinene (28.7-76.4%), δ3-carene (up to 17.3%), β-phellandrene (up to 12.3%), manoyl oxide (up to 8.1%). The occurrence of the unusual ( Z)-pentadec-6-en-2-one (0.1-1.2%) should be pointed out. Statistical analysis (Principal Component Analysis and k- means partition) suggested a unique group with atypical samples.

A comparative study of the essential oils isolated from the leaf and fruit peel of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni) was carried out using gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and GLC/mass analysis (MS). Over 140 components were observed in GLC/MS, of which 123 could be identified. 112 compounds were quantitatively analyzed in the leaf oil with linalool as a major component. The total identified components in the fruit peel oil were 69 and limonene was the most prominent. Cleopatra mandarin volatile components showed high anti-inflammatory activity represented by its effect on tumour necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide. They also showed significant anti-microbial activities against most common Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and some fungi. Key words: Cleopatra mandarin, essential oils, gas liquid chromatography (GLC),GLC/mass analysis (MS), anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial.

Myrtus communis L. is a shrub growing wild in most countries all around the Mediterranean Sea and myrtle leaf oil is useful in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, “chemotyped” essential oils are more and more appreciated. Myrtle oil from eastern and central-north Algeria belong to the “α-pinene-cineole” chemotype. In contrast, Moroccan myrtle oil displayed appreciable content of myrtenyl acetate. Therefore, it appeared crucial to investigate the composition of myrtle leaf oil from northwestern Algeria in order to ensure the homogeneity of the composition of Algerian myrtle leaf oil. The chemical composition of 42 oil samples of M. communis isolated from leaves collected in five locations from Tlemcen Province was investigated by gas chromatography (GC) in combination with retention indices, GC-mass spectroscopy, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Yields ranged between 0.13% and 1.04% (w/w). The chemical composition of the oils was largely dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, with α-pinene (24.3-59.0%) and 1,8-cineole (13.2-49.5%) being the major compounds followed by limonene (3.2-19.8%). The 42 compositions were submitted to statistical analyses. The combination of hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis allowed the distinction of two groups, the second group being subdivided into two subgroups. Groups and subgroups were differentiated with respect to their contents of α-pinene and 1,8-cineole and, to a lesser extent, of limonene. This study ensures that Algerian myrtle leaf oil belongs to the “α-pinene-cineole” chemotype which displays various biological activities. The observed homogeneity could be a positive point to join the international market of essential oils.

GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Components in Celery Leaves

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Peperomia pellucida Crude leaf extract on the boiled milk-induced body temperature of male white mice. The statistical results showed that the reductions in the mean induced body temperatures of the experimental group and positive control group after the administration of the treatments were not statistically significant. It was found out that the Shiny bush crude extract does not have any antipyretic potential. The paracetamol solution was able to lower the induced body temperature of the research subjects, thereby displaying great antipyretic activity. This was expected since paracetamol is a drug commonly used to lower the body temperature. Keywords: Peperomia pellucida, body temperature, antipyretic potential, experimental design, Philippines

Shigella dysentriae is a bacteria that causes bacillary dysentery. This disease cause the patient to experience severe diarrhea. The efforts to overcome this disease is with using of antibiotics, but if the antibiotic is used for a long time can also to provide negative effects for humans. Therefore, needs a new antimicrobials that don't have negative effects for human, that is used of antimicrobial from plants. One of the plants that become candidate is suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth). The purpose of this research is to know the antibacterial activity from the etanolic extract of the suruhan leaf (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) to against Shigella dysentriae bacteria by using dilution method. The method of this research is begins with the making of ethanol extract from suruhan leaf by maseration technique. The extracts then tested with concentrations of 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20%. The antibacterial test using dilution method to find out Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Kill Concentration (MKC). The results is show that MIC values can’t be determined because the mixture between the leaf extract and the Shigella dysentriae bacteria is very turbid. The value of MKC obtained by antibacterial activity from etanolic extract of the suruhan leaf on Shigella dysentriae bacteria was 40%.