Chemical composition and acaricidal activity of essential oils from Peperomia pellucida Kunth. against Tetranychus urticae

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth known as Suruhan is a potential medicinal plants, used traditionally to treat gout. Suruhan herb (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth) had been studied in vivo, and found to be able to lowering uric acid levels in the blood. Ethanol extract of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herb also had been studied in vitro, and found to be potential to inhibit xanthine oxidase. The purpose of this study is to know the potential of fraction from ethanol extract of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth. herb as xanthine oxidase inhibitor compared to allopurinol and its ethanolic extract. Ethanol extract of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herb was obtained by percolation method using ethanol 96%. The fractionation is done by column chromatography method using silica as stationary phase and n-hexane, n-hexane-ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate-ethanol, and ethanol as mobile phases. The fraction which contained flavonoid compounds was tested its xanthine oxidase inhibition potency using UV spectrophotometer at λ 290 nm. The absorbance was observed every 10 seconds for 10 minutes for extract and fraction with the concentration of 0.25 ppm - 5 ppm, while allopurinol was determined with the concentration of 0.2 ppm - 3.2 ppm. The result showed that ethyl acetate-ethanol fraction potentially inhibited xanthine oxidase with IC50 value of 5.00 ± 0.06 ppm, while ethanolic extract of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herb and allopurinol have IC50 value 0.33± 0.07 ppm and 0.84 ± 0.02 ppm respectively. Thus it can be concluded that ethyl acetateethanol fraction had potential as xanthine oxidase inhibitor, but the potential is lower than the ethanolic extract of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herb.

Shigella dysentriae is a bacteria that causes bacillary dysentery. This disease cause the patient to experience severe diarrhea. The efforts to overcome this disease is with using of antibiotics, but if the antibiotic is used for a long time can also to provide negative effects for humans. Therefore, needs a new antimicrobials that don't have negative effects for human, that is used of antimicrobial from plants. One of the plants that become candidate is suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth). The purpose of this research is to know the antibacterial activity from the etanolic extract of the suruhan leaf (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) to against Shigella dysentriae bacteria by using dilution method. The method of this research is begins with the making of ethanol extract from suruhan leaf by maseration technique. The extracts then tested with concentrations of 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20%. The antibacterial test using dilution method to find out Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Kill Concentration (MKC). The results is show that MIC values can’t be determined because the mixture between the leaf extract and the Shigella dysentriae bacteria is very turbid. The value of MKC obtained by antibacterial activity from etanolic extract of the suruhan leaf on Shigella dysentriae bacteria was 40%.

The responses of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) and their predator, Amblyseius californicus (McGregor) to acaricides tested were different. The selective ratio between the spider mite and predatory mite was depended on the chemical structure of acaricides. Generally, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates are more toxic to the predatory mite than to two-spotted spider mite, and resulted high selective ratios. Other groups of acaricides stated safer to the predatory mite, usually, the LC5, selective ratios were less than 4. Six acaricides i. e. bromopropylate, binapacryl, dinobuton, propargite, oxythioquinox and smite showed effective control to the two-spotted spider mite, and less harmful to the predatory mite, the LC,0 selective ratio were less than 1. These acaricides can be used as agents for the integrated control of mite pests. Formetanate and dinobuton are the two most effective acaricides that we used in this treatment for the two-spotted spider mite control. While after 15 and 16 generation of selections, two-spotted spider mite developed 11.8 and 2.5 folds of resistance to f or- metanate and dinobuton, respectively. Two-spotted spider mite showed ability in rapidly developing resistance to formetanate, so this acaricide should be carefully used in the field. The chemical structure of azocyclotin is similar to cyhexatin. Field two-spotted spider mite have showed 3.5 folds of resistance to the former, although azocyclotin has not been used in Taiwan before. The insensitivity may due to the cross-resistance from cyhexatin, since azocyclotin and cyhexatin are very similar in their chemical structure.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a cosmopolitan mite. It reproduces very rapidly and can also develop resistance to chemicals easily. This paper describes our effort in testing, in laboratory and field, the efficacy of some common miticides against the two-spotted spider mites on chrysanthemum, roses and strawberry. Among the 22 pesticides and 5 non-pesticidal materials tested, the following had good effect (＞90% mortality) against the eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults of this mite on chrysanthemum: 42% Dicofol E.C. (800-fold), 57% Propargite E.C. (2000-fold), 38% Dienochlor F. (1500-fold), 25% Oxythioquinox W.P. (500-fold) and 20% Pyranica W.P. (2000-fold). In addition, 25% Oxydemeton methyl E.C. (1000-fold), 2.8% Bifenthrin E.C. (1000-fold) and 25% Azocyclotin E.P. (1500-fold) were also effective. Effective against the two-spotted spider mites on roses were 57% Propargite E.C. (2000-fold), 25% Oxythioquinox W.P. (500-fold), 2.8% Bifenthrin E.C.(1000-fold), 50% Formetanate S.P.(1000-fold) and Action Research (1000-fold). They produced ＞90% control of nymphs and larvae of this spider mite on roses; their ovicidal activity was somewhat less. Besides, 25% Azocylcotin W.P.(1500-fold) and 10% Hexythiazox W.P. (4000-fold) were also effective. To the eggs, nymphs and adults of the two-spotted spider mites on strawberry, 5% Fenpyroximate F. (1000-fold) and 2% Abamectin E.C. (2000-fold) had excellent control effect. These two compounds, when officially recommended, could be used safely on strawberry for the control of this spider mite. For the control of the two-spotted spider mites on watermelon, 2% Abamectin E.C. (2000-fold) and organic fertilizer Iou-lih No.2 (250-fold) gave 100% and 93.5% control, respectively. The above results showed that most miticides currently used on chrysanthemum, rose and strawberry remain quite effective against the two-spotted spider mites. With proper timing and a rotational application of these pesticides, the two-spotted spider mites can be put under control.

This study evaluated the effect of Syringa (Melia azedarach) fruit and seed extracts (SSE) on red spider mite (Tetranychus spp.) eggs, nymphs and adults. Bioassay investigations were carried at the Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (VOPI) outside Pretoria in South Africa using different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 20, 50, 75 and 100%) of SSE. Mortalities were measured at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment and compared to the effects of the synthetic acaricides: Abamectin, chlorfenapyr and protenofos. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with 12 treatments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for effects of treatments. Differences in treatment means were identified using Fisher’s protected t-test least significant difference (LSD) at the 1% level of significance. Data were analysed using the statistical program GenStat (2003). The result of the analyses revealed that the efficacy of SSE and commercial synthetic acaricides increased with exposure time.Concentration of 50% and above SSE was as effective against red spider mite (RSM) adults, eggs and nymphs as the synthetic acaricides. Key words: Syringa fruit and seed extracts, Melia azedarach, red spider mites, acaricidal activity, tomatoes.

Extracts of different parts of 12 plant species were evaluated for their potential for acaricidal activity that could lead to the development of new and safe bio-acaricides. The crude methanol extracts of these plants were tested for their acaricidal activity against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch in a bioassay under controlled conditions. All the extracts exhibited significant adult mite mortality as compared to control. Lolium perenne L. (flower, leaf), Anthemis vulgaris L. (flower) and Chenopodium album L. (flower, leaf) extracts had significantly higher mortality rates than azadirachtin (10 g/L) and the synthetic pesticides tested at 5% concentration in adhesive tape and residual film method. Our results showed that several plant extracts have good potential for acaricidal activity and are worth further investigation. Key words: Tetranychus urticae, plant extract, mortality, acaricidal activity.

Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth known as “Katumpangan Air” is a potential medicinal plants used traditionally for uric acid, rheumatic, headache, stomachache, antimicrobial. This study aims to establish the non-specific and specific parameters of ethanol extract from Katumpangan air (EKA). EKA was collected from three different growth places: South Tangerang (6.833%), Bogor (7.8%) and Yogyakarta (13.125%). The results show that organoleptic extract characterization from three places were same: thick, blackish green brown, bitter and have a characteristic odor. The average content of water-soluble compounds was within range 7.39-13.29%, ethanol-soluble 15.33-16.68%, flavonoid total 3.807-4.244%. The range of moisture content was 12.25-16.34%, ash total 1.21-2.78%, acid insoluble ash 0.19-1.62%, drying shrinkage 21.62-24.98%, specific gravity 1.0010-1.0034 g/mL for the non-specific parameter. Microbial contamination testing results 0.61x10 3 -1.13x10 3 coloni/g, the contaminant testing mold/yeast 0.1x10 2 -1.7x10 2 coloni/g, while lead metal 0.15-0.18 mg/kg, cadmium 0-0.11 mg/kg and arsenic <0.005µg/kg.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Peperomia pellucida Crude leaf extract on the boiled milk-induced body temperature of male white mice. The statistical results showed that the reductions in the mean induced body temperatures of the experimental group and positive control group after the administration of the treatments were not statistically significant. It was found out that the Shiny bush crude extract does not have any antipyretic potential. The paracetamol solution was able to lower the induced body temperature of the research subjects, thereby displaying great antipyretic activity. This was expected since paracetamol is a drug commonly used to lower the body temperature. Keywords: Peperomia pellucida, body temperature, antipyretic potential, experimental design, Philippines

. Infectious and parasitic diseases is one of various disease that the most common. Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011, infectious and parasitic diseases become the third largest cause of death in the world. One of the plants that have potential as an antimalarial is suruhan (Peperomia pellucida). The purpose of this study is to test antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum and analysis photochemistry consituen from extract suruhan. Antimalarial activity test using Desjardin method. Extraction was done by using maceration wuth methanol as a solvent and fractionation using partition methods. Results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, steroid, saponins and triterpenoid test results antimalarial activity fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water show IC 50 values are 12.80, 2.90 and 10.74 mg/ mL respectively. Keyword: Peperomia pellucida, suruhan, antimalarial

The present study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and fumigant toxicity of essential oils (EOs) isolated by hydrodistillation from Piper hancei Maxim. EOs extracted from the dry stems and leaves of P. hancei were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main compositions of the EOs were humulene (13.624 %), caryophyllene (13.319 %), nerolidol (12.507 %), naphthalene (8.525 %), ledol (6.694 %), caryophyllene oxide (6.404 %), and junenol (6.350 %). The fumigant toxicity of the EOs was tested in 7-14 day old adults of Tribolium castaneum. The LC50 of EOs and individual main compositions were calculated according to the mortality of insects at concentrations of 0, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 (μL/L air). The results showed that the EOs (LC50=322.52 (48 h) and 145.82 (72 h) (μL/L air)), caryophyllene (LC50=37.95 (48 h) and 26.53 (72 h) (μL/L air)), junenol (LC50=38.32 (48 h) and 20.33 (72 h) (μL/L air)), caryophyllene oxide (LC50=97.72 (48 h) and 65.22 (72 h) (μL/L air)), and humulene (LC50=104.50 (48 h) and 73.66 (72 h) (μL/L air)) have obvious fumigant activities against T. castaneum adults. The chemical composition of EOs from P. hancei was reported for the first time. The results indicated that the EOs of P. hancei had the potential to be developed as a natural insecticide for the control of T. castaneum adults.

This study aimed to investigate the seasonal variation in the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Achillea fragrantissima essential oil (EO). EO was collected at 10 days intervals, from May to July 2014, for a total of seven harvests. The EO was extracted from aerial parts by hydro-distillation for 3 hours. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by well diffusion method against three bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and two fungal species (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). The chemical composition of EO was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The activity of the essential oils against the tested bacteria and fungi varied depending on harvesting time of A. fragrantissima. In general, the highest activity of A. fragrantissima essential oils was against Gram-positive bacteria at T6 (the end of June). The chemical constituents of EO showed quantitative and qualitative variation of several specific chemical compounds, the ratio of identified compounds range between 92.29 and 95.88%, the major fluctuations in the composition of EO also revealed the presence of trans-sabinyl acetate (0.75-10.20%), α-terpineol (3.53-9.39%), trans-Menth-2-en-1-ol (6.5-13.34%), and β-thujone (11.34-22.11). In this study, the antimicrobial activity and the chemical composition of the EO extracted from A. fragrantissima were affected significantly by the time of collection. T6 period would be the best time to harvest A. fragrantissima plants to obtain EO with the highest antimicrobial activity. The chemical difference noted among seasons may explain the different in antimicrobial activity.

Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl.) Kuntze, known as paracari, erva de cobra, boia-caa or betonia brava, is a common herb in Brazil (North and Northeast regions). The aerial parts (leaves and stem) of this plant were used to essential oil extraction. The essential oil obtained was evaluated against Tetranychus urticae showing no significant acaricidal activity. Analysis by GC-MS was performed and 29 compounds were identified and the main compounds were the sesquiterpenes ? -caryophyllene (12.2%), bicyclogermacrene (17.9%) and germacrene D (34.1%). DOI: 10.5935/1984-6835.20160003

Inspite of well-established potentiality of plant essential oils as biopesticides, their environmentally low persistence is considered as a hindering obstacle for its commercialization. In the present study, chemical composition and toxicity of essential oils isolated from leaves of Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus kotschyanus were evaluated against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. The chemicals present in the crude oil were found to be thymol (28.83%), oleic acid (11.51%), palmitic acid (8.60%), borneol (5.72%), ρ-cymene (3.60%), and 1,8-cineole (3.57%) in the essential oil of T. eriocalyx, and camphene (35.59%), linalyl acetate (20.47%), linalool (14.75%), α-terpineol (13.87%), and geranyl acetate (3.07%) in the essential oil of T. kotschyanus. The essential oils had strong fumigant toxicity on the adult females of Te. urticae and their fumigation persistence was prolonged until 6 and 5 d, respectively, for T. eriocalyx and T. kotschyanus. Loading of essential oils in MCM-41 increased their stability and persistence was extended up to 20 and 18 d for T. eriocalyx and T. kotschyanus. Further, mite mortality increased from 80 to 203 mites by T. eriocalyx and from 58 to 186 mites by T. kotschyanus nanoencapsulated essential oils. Based on these results, nanoencapsulation of T. eriocalyx and T. kotschyanus essential oils in MCM-41 may be a useful method for their application in the management of Te. urticae.

The Acaricide used in this experiment consist of 5 kinds of chemicals. For the field test of protecting red spider mites (Tetranychus telarius L.) there were- two localities to conduct the experiment in 1966. For protecting the cotton from red spider mites nemphs, the most effective pesticide is Delnav E.C. (2.3-P-dioxanedithiol S. S.-bis- (0,0)-diethyl phosphorodithioate). For protecting the cotton from the eggs of red spider mittes, the effective pesticides are Delnav, Bs-2525 (2.4-Dine, tro-4-cyclohexyl phernolta nene sulfomate). Nissel (N-Methyl-N(I-naphthyl monofluaroacetamide), Milbex (4-chlorophenyl 2.4.5-trichlorophenylazo- sulfide), and chlorbenzilate.

Effects of water stress on lavender and sage biomass production, essential oil composition and biocidal properties against Tetranychus urticae (Koch)