Abstract
Rhynchanthus beesianus is a medicinal, ornamental, and edible plant, and its essential oil has been used as an aromatic stomachic in China. In this study, the chemical constituents, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of flower essential oil (F-EO), leaf essential oil (L-EO), and stem essential oil (S-EO) of R. beesianus were investigated for the first time. According to the GC-FID/MS assay, the F-EO was mainly composed of bornyl formate (21.7%), 1,8-cineole (21.6%), borneol (9.7%), methyleugenol (7.7%), β-myrcene (5.4%), limonene (4.7%), camphene (4.5%), linalool (3.4%), and α-pinene (3.1%). The predominant components of L-EO were bornyl formate (33.9%), borneol (13.2%), 1,8-cineole (12.1%), methyleugenol (8.0%), camphene (7.8%), bornyl acetate (6.2%), and α-pinene (4.3%). The main components of S-EO were borneol (22.5%), 1,8-cineole (21.3%), methyleugenol (14.6%), bornyl formate (11.6%), and bornyl acetate (3.9%). For the bioactivities, the F-EO, L-EO, and S-EO exhibited significant antibacterial property against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli with the inhibition zones (7.28–9.69 mm), MIC (3.13–12.50 mg/mL), and MBC (6.25–12.50 mg/mL). Besides, the F-EO, L-EO, and S-EO significantly inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) (93.15–94.72%) and cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) (23.99–77.81%) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (17.69–24.93%) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells at the dose of 128 μg/mL in the absence of cytotoxicity. Hence, the essential oils of R. beesianus flower, leaf, and stem could be used as natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents with a high application potential in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.
Highlights
Essential oils are a mixture of natural volatile compounds from different parts of plants and have been widely used in cosmetic, perfume, agriculture, food, and medicine fields [1, 2]
R. beesianus flower essential oil (F-EO) was mainly composed of bornyl formate (21.7%), 1,8-cineole (21.6%), borneol (9.7%), methyleugenol
The antibacterial activity of predominance components, such as borneol, 1,8-cineole, methyleugenol, β-myrcene, limonene, camphene, and α-pinene, has been demonstrated [22,23,24,25,26,27]. These major constituents could explain the significant antibacterial properties of R. beesianus F-EO, LEO, and stem essential oil (S-EO). These results suggest that R. beesianus FEO, leaf essential oil (L-EO), and S-EO can be used as a natural source of antibacterial agents for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries
Summary
Essential oils are a mixture of natural volatile compounds from different parts of plants and have been widely used in cosmetic, perfume, agriculture, food, and medicine fields [1, 2]. According to the previous studies, the essential oils of Zingiberaceae plants have a great variety of pharmacological activ-. R. beesianus is a wild edible spice, and its tender leaf and rhizome are used as vegetables in Yunnan Province, China. The essential oils from R. beesianus have been used as an aromatic stomachic in China [17]. According to the previous study, the essential oil of R. beesianus rhizome was mainly composed of 1,8-cineole (47.6%), borneol (15.0%), methyleugenol (11.2%), and bornyl formate (7.6%) and was found to possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, α-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase activity inhibitory properties [18]. There are no reports on the chemical components and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of essential oils from R. beesianus flower, leaf, and stem
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