Abstract
Research on the biological effects of essential oils on human skin cells is scarce. In the current study, we primarily explored the biological activities of 10 essential oils (nine single and one blend) in a pre-inflamed human dermal fibroblast system that simulated chronic inflammation. We measured levels of proteins critical for inflammation, immune responses, and tissue-remodeling processes. The nine single oils were distilled from Citrus bergamia (bergamot), Coriandrum sativum (cilantro), Pelargonium graveolens (geranium), Helichrysum italicum (helichrysum), Pogostemon cablin (patchouli), Citrus aurantium (petitgrain), Santalum album (sandalwood), Nardostachys jatamansi (spikenard), and Cananga odorata (ylang ylang). The essential oil blend (commercial name Immortelle) is composed of oils from frankincense, Hawaiian sandalwood, lavender, myrrh, helichrysum, and rose. All the studied oils were significantly anti-proliferative against these cells. Furthermore, bergamot, cilantro, and spikenard essential oils primarily inhibited protein molecules related to inflammation, immune responses, and tissue-remodeling processes, suggesting they have anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. Helichrysum and ylang ylang essential oils, as well as Immortelle primarily inhibited tissue remodeling-related proteins, suggesting a wound healing property. The data are consistent with the results of existing studies examining these oils in other models and suggest that the studied oils may be promising therapeutic candidates. Further research into their biological mechanisms of action is recommended. The differential effects of these essential oils suggest that they exert activities by different mechanisms or pathways, warranting further investigation. The chemical composition of these oils was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Highlights
Essential oils (EOs) are naturally occurring aromatic molecules in plants
The 10 EOs were distilled from Citrus bergamia, Coriandrum sativum, Pelargonium graveolens, Helichrysum italicum, Pogostemon cablin, Citrus aurantium, Santalum album, Nardostachys jatamansi, and Cananga odorata, as well as Immortelle, an EO blend composed of frankincense, Hawaiian sandalwood, lavender, myrrh, helichrysum, and rose oils
These included the inflammation-related protein molecules monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10); interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (ITAC), IL-8, and monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG); tissue remodeling-related protein molecules collagen I and III, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1 and 2; and the immunomodulation-related protein molecule, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)
Summary
Essential oils (EOs) are naturally occurring aromatic molecules in plants. Scientific studies of the biological effects of EOs on human skin cells are very scarce. Recent studies of EOs in human dermal fibroblasts showed that they robustly affect proteins, genes, and pathways related to inflammation and tissue-remodeling processes [1e3]. We explored the biological activities of 10 EOs in a previously described human dermal fibroblast system [4,5]. The 10 EOs were distilled from Citrus bergamia (bergamot), Coriandrum sativum (cilantro), Pelargonium graveolens (geranium), Helichrysum italicum (helichrysum), Pogostemon cablin (patchouli), Citrus aurantium (petitgrain), Santalum album (sandalwood), Nardostachys jatamansi (spikenard), and Cananga odorata (ylang ylang), as well as Immortelle, an EO blend composed of frankincense, Hawaiian sandalwood, lavender, myrrh, helichrysum, and rose oils
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