Chemical Availability of Cd, Pb and Zn in Anthropogenically Polluted Soil: Assessing the Geochemical Reactivity and Oral Bioaccessibility

Abstract

The most recent in vitro tests used to determine metal bioaccessiblility are generally time-consuming and expensive. This study aimed at determining potential relationships between the concentrations of metals extracted using single-extraction methods and the concentrations of bioaccessible metals assessed by a harmonised in vitro test, the Unified BARGE Method (UBM). A total number of 27 soil samples were collected from kitchen gardens and lawns with various physicochemical parameters and contamination levels. Significant relationships were obtained between Cd, Pb and Zn extracted in gastric and gastrointestinal phases and using single extractions. The best relationhips were established using acetic and citric acids for Cd, whereas for Pb, citric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were identified as the best extractants. These relationships were improved by means of a linear multiple regression with a downward stepwise procedure involving agronomic parameters (soil cation exchange capacity and assimilated P). This method highlighted the fact that the cation exchange capacity and P contents in soils were the two main parameters that controlled the human bioaccessibility of Cd, Pb and Zn in the gastric phase. Besides, the metal concentrations extracted with the acetic and citric acids correlated well with the metal concentrations in the gastric and gastrointestinal phases, suggesting that the bioaccessible metals were mainly in a soluble form, weakly bound to the organic matter and associated with the carbonates and the Fe and Mn oxides/hydroxides in soils.