Abstract
Traditionally, the quality evaluation of Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM) cv. (Juhua) attributes its habitats and processing methods, however, this strategy of neglecting bioactive ingredients usually results in deviation of quality evaluation. This study aims to explore the quality marker (Q-marker) based on spectrum-effect relationship and quality control strategy of CMs. The chromatographic fingerprint of 30 flower head samples of CMs from five different habitats including Hang-baiju, Gongju, Huaiju, Taiju and Boju were constructed by high performance liquid chromatography and analyzed through chemometrics methods such as similarity analysis (SA), cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The common peaks were quantified by external standard method and relative correction factor method. The in-vitro radical scavenging capacity assays of DPPH·, ·OH and ABTS were carried out. The Q-marker was explored by the correlation analysis between the contents of common peaks and in-vitro radical scavenging capacity, and then used to evaluate the quality of 30 flower head samples of CMs. A total of eight common peaks were appointed in 30 flower head samples of CMs, and their similarities ranged from 0.640 to 0.956. CA results showed that 30 flower head samples of CMs could be divided into five categories with reference to the Euclidean distance of 5. PCA results showed that common peaks played a major role in differential contribution of CMs. The quantification of common peaks hinted that their contents possessed significant variation whether for different accessions or the same accessions of CMs. The correlation analysis showed that chlorogenic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, unknown peak 1, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside could be used as the Q-markers for the quality evaluation of 30 flower head samples of commercially available CMs. The analysis strategy that combines chromatographic fingerprint analysis, multiple ingredients quantification, in-vitro chemical anti-oxidant activity evaluation and spectrum-effect relationship analysis clarified the therapeutic material basis and discovered the Q-markers, which possibly offers a more comprehensive quality assessment of CMs.
Highlights
Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM) cv. (Juhua) is the dried flower head of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl., and has the effects of dispersing wind and clearing heat, calming the liver and clearing the eyes, and clearing heat and detoxifying the body (Tu et al, 2021; Yang et al, 2019)
The precision was evaluated by the relative standard deviation (RSD) of relative retention time (RRT) and relative peak area (RPA) of characteristic peaks from six consecutive times analysis of sample
The values of RRT and RPA of characteristic peaks were calculated with 3,5-DCQA as the reference peak, and the results showed that the RSD values of RRT and RPA of characteristic peaks were all less than 0.05% or 0.1%, respectively, which indicated that this analytical method possessed a good precision
Summary
Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM) cv. (Juhua) is the dried flower head of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl., and has the effects of dispersing wind and clearing heat, calming the liver and clearing the eyes, and clearing heat and detoxifying the body (Tu et al, 2021; Yang et al, 2019). Phenolic acids extract has antibacterial, antiviral, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory effects (Hodaei et al, 2021b; Youssef et al, 2020; Cho et al, 2021), while polysaccharides extract has anti-tumor and immunity enhancing effects (Jing et al, 2016). Among these effects, antioxidant capacity is the most important pharmacological efficacy of CM and the basis for the treatment of different diseases (Bai et al, 2018; Liu et al, 2018; Lin et al, 2010). The pharmaceutical value and safety of CM have enabled it to be broadly applied as a homogeneous medicinal herb for medical and edible purposes
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